Methods Study design

and sample collection A pilot, not randomized, controlled and perspective study was conducted. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Bari, Italy. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants in the study. A total of 27 healthy pregnant women (21 to 42 years of age; mean, 32) who had no symptoms of vaginal or urinary tract infection were included in the present study (Table 3). None of the subjects had received oral or local selleck chemical antimicrobial therapy within the previous 2 weeks. The recruited subjects were divided into 2 groups: (i) probiotic group [P (n=15)]; (ii) control group [C (n=12)] on the basis of their availability to consume the probiotic product. Women of the P group consumed 1 sachet once/day of VSL#3 (VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,Towson, MD, USA) for 4 weeks from the 33rd (W33) to the 37th (W37) week of gestation. Women of the C group did not receive any dietary supplementation. VSL#3 sachet contains 900 billion viable lyophilized bacteria consisting of 4 strains of Lactobacillus (L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. MI-503 concentration acidophilus,

L. delbrueckii CAL-101 subsp. bulgaricus), 3 strains of Bifidobacterium (B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis) and 1 strain of Streptococcus thermophilus. Mid-vaginal swabs were collected from women of both P and C groups at the time points W33 and W37. Samples were placed in 1 ml of sterile saline and stored immediately at −80°C until use. Table 3 Characterization of the subjects included in the study groups Woman N Age Type of delivery1 Gestational age at birth Probiotic Cediranib (AZD2171) (n = 15)       1 31 SD 39 week + 6 days 2 32 CD 40 week + 3 days 3 39 SD 40 week + 1 day 4 31 SD 40 week + 2 days 5 33 SD 40 week + 3 days 6 30 SD 39 week 7 33 SD 41 week + 3 days 8 34 CD 39 week 9 36 CD 38

week + 4 days 10 38 SD 38 week + 5 days 11 42 SD 39 week + 4 days 12 30 SD 39 week 13 29 SD 40 week + 2 days 14 33 CD 39 week + 2 days 15 25 SD 40 week + 1 day Control (n = 12)       16 28 SD 40 week + 6 days 17 33 SD 39 week + 3 days 18 33 CD 37 week + 4 days 19 32 CD 41 week + 3 days 20 34 SD 40 week 21 21 SD 39 week + 5 days 22 30 SD 38 week + 6 days 23 30 SD 40 week + 2 days 24 34 CD 39 week + 6 days 25 38 CD 41 week + 1 days 26 38 CD 38 week + 5 days 27 30 SD 40 week + 2 days 1 SD: spontaneous delivery; CD: caesarean delivery. The individual characteristics (age, type of delivery and gestational age at birth) of women enrolled in the present study are reported in Table 3. Gestational age was determined by utilizing the last menstrual period and earliest ultrasound. DNA extraction from vaginal samples Frozen vaginal swabs were thawed, mixed by vortex shaker for 1 min and then removed from the liquid.

CrossRef 32. Castillo M, Martin-Orue SM, Manzanilla EG, Badiola I, Martin M, Gasa J: Quantification of total bacteria, enterobacteria and lactobacilli populations in pig digesta by real-time PCR. Vet Microbiol 2006, 114:165–170.PubMedCrossRef 33. Yuan JS, Reed A, SYN-117 chemical structure Chen F, Stewart JCN: Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinfor 2006, 7:85.CrossRef 34. Chopra AK, Xu X, Ribardo D, Gonzalez M, Kuhl K, Peterson JW, et al.: The cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas

hydrophila induces proinflammatory cytokine production and activates arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages. Infect Immun 2000, 68:2808–2818.PubMedCrossRef 35. Ribardo DA, Kuhl KR, Boldogh I, Peterson JW, mTOR cancer Houston CW, Chopra AK: Early cell signaling by the cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila

in macrophages. Microb Pathog 2002, 32:149–163.PubMedCrossRef 36. Galindo CL, Sha J, Ribardo DA, Fadl AA, Pillai L, Chopra AK: Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin-induced genes in macrophages using microarrays. J Biol Chem Selleck Tanespimycin 2003, 278:40198–40212.PubMedCrossRef 37. Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS: Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant. Eur J Biochem 1999, 265:501–523.PubMedCrossRef 38. Morgan BP, Marchbank KJ, Longhi MP, Harris CL, Gallimore AM: Complement: central to innate immunity and bridging to adaptive responses. Immunol Lett 2005, 97:171–179.PubMedCrossRef 39. Sahu A, Lambris JD: Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev 2001, 180:35–48.PubMedCrossRef 40. Rawls JF, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, Jeffrey IG: Reciprocal gut microbiota transplants from zebrafish and mice to germ-free recipients reveal host habitat selection. Cell 2006, 127:423–433.PubMedCrossRef 41. Corless CE, Guiver M, Borrow R, Edwards-Jones V, Kaczmarski EB, Fox AJ: Contamination and sensitivity 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase issues with a real-time universal 16S rRNA PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:1747–1752.PubMed 42. Guiver M, Borrow R, Marsh J, Gray SJ, Kaczmarski EB, Howells D, Boseley P, Fox AJ: Evaluation of the Applied Biosystems automated Taqman polymerase chain reaction system

for the detection of meningococcal DNA. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000, 28:173–179.PubMedCrossRef 43. Lyons SR, Griffen AL, Leys EJ: Quantitative real-time PCR for Porphyromonas gingivalis and total bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:2362–2365.PubMed 44. Nadkarni MA, Martin FE, Jacques NA, Hunter N: Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad-range [universal] probe and primers set. Microbiol 2002, 148:257–266. 45. Sen K: Rapid identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood by the 5′ nuclease PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:1953–1958.PubMed 46. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Brant SR, Bayless TM, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Nunez G, Cho JH: A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease.

The concept of HM781-36B enzybiotics is very promising in this regard [4]. The term enzybiotic is a hybrid word from “enzyme” and “antibiotic”

that has been coined to designate bacteriophage lytic enzymes endowed with the capacity to degrade bacterial cell wall and with antibacterial click here potential [5]. The concept of enzybiotics was subsequently shown to be wider than first though, and nowadays it refers to all enzymes that are able to cause microbial cell death (endolysins, bacteriocins, autolysins and lysozymes) and regardless of their origin (including antifungal enzymes, antimicrobial peptides and enzymes that block peptidoglycan layer synthesis) [6]. Alternative names used with respect to enzybiotics are lytic enzymes or peptidoglycan hydrolases, as enzymatic cleavage of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (resulting in cell lysis) represents Selleckchem BYL719 their major mode of action. Group of peptidoglycan hydrolases consist of diverse enzymes that can be obtained from various sources. Major groups of enzybiotics include endolysins (from phages) [7, 8]; autolysins and bacteriocins (produced by bacteria) [9, 10]; and lysozymes (from various

organisms) [11]. Amongst them, the phage endolysins held and still hold the special position as ultimate enzybiotics. Endolysins or lysins are enzymes encoded by double-stranded DNA bacteriophages, actively produced toward the end of the phage lytic cycle to break down Progesterone the

bacterial cell wall for phage progeny release [12]. They target the integrity of the cell wall and attack major bonds in the peptidoglycan. Depending on their enzymatic properties, lysins fall into five major classes: (i) N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases; (ii) endopeptidases; (iii) N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase; (iv) N-acetyl-β-d-muramidases (lysozymes) and (v) lytic transglycosylases [13]. Numerous experimental studies performed in vitro and in vivo on animal models have proved enzybiotics as highly effective antibacterial agents against variety of bacterial pathogens [14]. Moreover, other important aspects of enzybiotic therapy were examined, e.g. immunogenicity of enzybiotics [15], adverse effects and emergence of resistance [8, 12]. Bioinformatics is playing an important role in many aspects of drug discovery, drug assessment and drug development [16]. Biological databases covering genomic, proteomic and functional information have become significant in antimicrobial drug research. All information about representative enzybiotics and outcomes of their therapeutic application are dispersed among scientific papers and various biological databases. Recently, EnzyBase database has been published [17], collecting references and description of enzybiotics present in UniProt/Swiss-Prot database.

As a consequence, the individual is exposed to a higher risk for negative health outcomes (Blom 2011; Johnson 1997; Johnson and Forsman 1995). Indeed, performance-based self-esteem has been related to cognitive stress symptoms (Albertsen et al. 2010), burnout (Dahlin et al. 2007; Rudman and

Gustavsson 2010) as well as sickness presenteeism (Löve et al. 2010). All three of the described constructs have been associated with tremendous negative individual, work organizational and societal consequences. As far as we know, previous studies have only investigated the relations between the constructs in a pairwise manner and investigations of the relations between all three constructs are lacking so far. In the following section, the hitherto found pairwise relations between the constructs are described in more detail. Previous research www.selleckchem.com/products/incb28060.html has shown an effect of work–family conflict on emotional exhaustion and burnout (Hall et al. 2010; Karatepe and Tekinkus 2006; Leineweber et al. 2012), but also a relationship in the opposite direction with emotional exhaustion leading to subsequent work–family conflict has been reported (Kelloway et al. 1999; Thompson et al. 2005; Westman et al. 2004). In addition to those two potential learn more causal pathways, there is only a limited number of studies investigating causal and reversed

relations simultaneously (e.g. Demerouti et al. 2004; Hall et al. 2010; Steinmetz et al. 2008). One exception is the study reported by Demerouti et al. (2004), which tested the reciprocal relationship of work–family conflict, emotional exhaustion

and work pressure. They found exhaustion being a determinant of future work–home interference, but also work–home interference being a causal determinant of subsequent exhaustion. However, most studies oxyclozanide in the field are cross sectional (Edwards and Rothbard 2002; Grant-Vallone and Donaldson 2001; Greenhaus et al. 2001; Peeters et al. 2005), and as prospective studies are scarce, the direction of the relationship remains unclear. Only few studies have linked performance-based self-esteem and work–family conflict (e.g. Innstrand et al. 2010). Individuals with high performance-based self-esteem were found to put personal needs aside in order to meet work requirements. They tended, e.g. to attend work also when sick and reduce their lunches or take work home (Hallsten 2005; Hallsten et al. 2005). Also a GF120918 supplier reversed causation between work–family conflict and performance-based self-esteem is not to be excluded. For example, Innstrand et al. (2010) found a bidirectional relationship between work–family conflict and performance-based self-esteem. Employees with high performance-based self-esteem were more vulnerable to work–family conflict and those with work–family conflict showed an increase in performance-based self-esteem.

In particular, we have no references about protein supplement amongst Selleck GW786034 the adepts of strength training in gyms in Italy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the use of protein supplements, alone or in association with other intakes and also to identify the dietary behavior amongst people who want to “”build up muscles”" in regular commercial fitness’ users in Palermo, Italy. Methods Participants Permissions to

conduct a survey were obtained from the managers of a representative number of six fitness centers located in the inner city and the suburbs of Palermo in 2009. The fitness centers have been identified using a database of CONI register (National Olympic Committee Register for Sport and Fitness Associations). Using the database of fitness centers, a number of 800 people (20% of the total number), have been randomly selected as potential participants. Only fitness/gym attendees who were taking part in strength training courses have been selected. All gym/fitness

users practicing aerobic activities (such as Aerobic, Spinning, Step, circuit training, endurance and cardiovascular Lazertinib programs, etc…) were excluded. On the basis of these inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 207 participants were retained for the investigation. Questionnaire procedure In order to evaluate supplements use, dietary behavior and other related information, a 19-items questionnaire was developed based on

previously published studies [20–24]. An informal pilot survey was preliminarily conducted among 27 customers of two fitness centers in order to identify issues of timing, wording or minor clarifications. The pilot-interviewed subjects had similar demographics and educational level to the target population. The instrument examined the use of dietary supplements and their nutrient content (protein in association with other supplements), dietary Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase behavior, reasons for use, education level and occupation. This latest was categorized as sedentary, standing, manual work and heavy manual work, according to the EPIC physical activity questionnaires criteria [22]. Easy definitions of the supplements were provided to the participants. Completion of the questionnaire implied respondent consent to participate in the study. According to the Italian regulations, ethical approval was not required for this study. The questionnaire was completed using the face-to-face interview method during four months by the same investigator. The surveyed www.selleckchem.com/products/gm6001.html population was split between supplement users and non users for comparison. Data Analysis Data analysis was performed using EpiInfo software version 3.2 (CDC, Atlanta, GA, US) and Statistica version 8.0 software for Windows (Tulsa, OK, US).

Bone metastases can lead to pain, pathological fractures, nerve compression syndromes, and hypercalcemia. Current treatments are mainly palliative. Despite the high incidence and serious consequences of skeletal metastasis of prostate cancer, the mechanism underlying this osteotropism is unclear. However, it is clear that VEGF has been implicated in various carcinogenesis and metastasis as well as in angiogenesis. VEGF is expressed by prostate cancer at a high level [7–9], and its expression correlates with increasing grade, vascularity, and tumorigenicity [9, 10]. These relationships have been observed in human as well

as in animal models of prostate cancer. High VEGF levels in prostate cancer are associated with poor prognosis. In addition, VEGF produced by tumor cells affects bone remodeling and might, therefore, this website facilitate nesting

of metastatic cells in bone [11]. Bevacizumab is a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptors. Several buy MK-4827 experimental studies have examined the extent to which VEGF inhibitors or VEGF targeted agents prevent tumor cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo [12–20]. In this study, we focus on the effect of bevacizumab on human bone metastatic LNCaP-derivative C4-2B prostate cancer cell line. Angiogenesis is one of the critical events required in the cancer metastatic process. VEGF is a specific stimulator of vascular endothelial cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. VEGF is produced in response to various cellular and environmental stimuli. VEGF is overexpressed in many human neoplasms [4, Amoxicillin 5, 7, 9, 20–22]. This expression is associated with increased tumor size, necrosis and tumor angiogensis. New blood vessels that grow within the tumor secondary to VEGF expression are structurally and functionally irregular, as they exhibit dead ends, disordered blood flow, and increased permeability. These irregularities in blood flow lead to further tumor hypoxia and subsequent increases in VEGF production [23, 24]. In this study, we confirm that human bone

metastatic prostate cancer cell line C4-2B has a higher level of VEGF than its parental cell line LNCaP, although both of cell lines have high levels of VEGF expression. We found that VEGF production significantly increased 6-fold when bone metastatic prostate cancer cells were cocultured with vascular endothelium. VEGF exhibits the effects on the growth and progression of neoplasia. Several studies have shown a correlation between increased VEGF expression and tumor growth [16–23]. GDC-0068 ic50 Recent studies have indicated that bevacizumab treatment results in a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo [18, 24, 25]. In our study, bevacizumab gave a dose-dependent and time-dependent reduction of cell proliferation in human bone metastatic prostate cancer cells. Metastasis is an extraordinarily complex process.

3 8.9–14.4 55–59 156/335,543 46.5 39.7–54.4 99/380,614 26.0 21.4–31.7 66/255,528 25.8 20.3–32.9 24/204,113 11.8 7.9–17.5 126/664,703 19.0 15.9–22.6 Table 3 presents age- and sex-specific RRs for manual workers and (in women only) housewives relative to non-manual workers. These ratios were consistently greater than 1, in most cases to the point of statistical significance. Table 3 Age- and sex-specific RR for manual workers and full-time housewives (with respect to non-manual workers) in Tuscany Age (years) Men Women Manual workers Manual workers Housewives RR 95 % CI Epacadostat RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI 25–29 1.4 0.7–2.8 1.8 0.9–3.6 2.9 1.2–6.9‡ 30–34 1.4 0.9–2.2 2.5 1.3–4.8†

3.3 1.6–6.8* 35–39 1.6 1.1–2.3† 2.2 1.2–3.8† 1.9 1.0–3.5‡ 40–44 1.8 1.3–2.4* 1.8 1.1–2.8‡ 1.8 1.1–2.9‡ 45–49 2.2 1.6–2.9* 1.7 1.1–2.6† 1.3

0.8–2.0 50–54 1.8 1.4–2.3* 1.8 1.2–2.6† 1.2 0.8–1.8 55–59 1.8 1.4–2.3* 2.2 1.4–3.5* 1.6 1.0–2.5‡ * P < 0.001; †  P < 0.01; ‡ P < 0.05 A sensitivity analysis excluding the first 2 years of the observation period produced findings very similar to those of the main analysis (data not shown), suggesting that distortion due to inclusion of prevalent cases was unlikely. Discussion This large population-based study indicates that in Tuscany, surgically treated idiopathic RRD is almost twice as common among manual as in non-manual workers. This seems to be in contrast to the association with affluence and higher educational attainment which has been reported from Scotland (Saidkasimova et al. 2009; Mitry et al. 2010b), but consistent with the hypothesis that heavy manual work may be a cause of the disease (Mattioli et al. 2008). The association Defactinib clinical trial with manual work is unlikely to be explained by a confounding effect of myopia, since if anything, myopia tends to be associated with higher levels of education and higher socioeconomic status (Saw et al. 1996). In the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study, there were no major differences

in refractive error learn more between manual and non-manual workers (Foster et al. 2010). High BMI appears to be associated with surgically treated RD (Mattioli et al. 2008, 2009b) and, even if people of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have higher BMI (Vannoni et al. 2005), this is unlikely to have caused important confounding since the prevalence of overweight/obese subjects in Tuscany is very low [National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) 2002]. Many manual workers may live in less deprived areas, and a relatively high PP2 chemical structure proportion of residents from the most deprived areas in Scotland may have been unemployed.

“
“Background Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular, gram-negative coccobacillus, which causes the potentially lethal disease tularemia. This zoonotic disease is transmitted via vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes and infects predominantly mammals such as small rodents, hares and rabbits [1]. The subspecies tularensis and holarctica also give rise to human infections. The pathogen is highly contagious,

requiring Luminespib as few as 10 bacteria to cause human infection, and subspecies tularensis causes a very aggressive disease with high mortality in humans if untreated [2]. The high virulence, ease of spread, and potentially high mortality of tularemia has led to the classification of F. tularensis as one of six category A select agents, i.e., the agents most likely to be used for bioterrorism [3]. In experimental infections, F.

novicida and F. tularensis LVS are often used since both show significant virulence in small rodents but still are classified as BSL2 pathogens. The former species very rarely causes human infections and the latter is a human EGFR inhibition vaccine strain of subspecies holarctica origin [4]. An important virulence trait of F. tularensis is its ability to survive and multiply in an array of different cell types including hepatocytes and professional phagocytes [5]. The intracellular lifestyle relies on escape from the phagosome and the subsequent proliferation in the cytoplasm [6]. The mechanism of escape from the phagosome GSK2126458 mw is not known but requires expression of the global regulator MglA (macrophage growth locus) Olopatadine [7]. This is most likely through its positive regulation of

the genes belonging to the intracellular growth locus (igl) and other genes of the Francisella pathogenicity island. MglA together with an ortholog, SspA, forms a complex that directly interacts with the RNA polymerase [8] conferring a complex regulatory role that leads to the control of more than 100 genes and proteins in F. tularensis [9, 10]. Besides the igl operon, it has been suggested that the activities of several stress-regulated factors, such as SspA, Hfq, CspC, and UspA, are linked to the MglA-dependent regulation [10]. Thereby, it plays an important role for the intracellular growth and stress responses in general and for the adaptation to oxidative stress response specifically. Iron is essential for the survival of almost all living organisms. Limiting the amount of iron accessible to pathogens is therefore an important part of the host defence system [11]. Thus, it is essential for successful pathogens to circumvent this and they have evolved various strategies, such as the usage of siderophores, which are high affinity iron chelators synthesized in response to iron starvation [12]. Siderophore production in Francisella is dependent on proteins encoded in the fsl operon (Francisella siderophore locus) [13–15].

Appl Phys Lett 2005, 87:072502.CrossRef 15. Mu W, Hwang D-K, Chang RPH, Sukharev M, Tice DB, Ketterson JB: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from silver-coated opals. J Chem Phys 2011, 134:124312.CrossRef 16. Choma J, Dziura A, Jamioła D, Nyga P, Jaroniec M: Preparation and properties of silica–gold core–shell particles. Colloid Surface A: Physicochem Mocetinostat clinical trial Eng Aspect 2011, 373:167–171.CrossRef 17. Miller DJ, Catmull J, Puskeiler R, Tweedale H, Sharples FP, Hiller RG: Reconstitution of the peridinin–chlorophyll a protein (PCP): evidence for

functional flexibility in chlorophyll binding. Photosynth Res 2005,86(1):229–240.CrossRef 18. Stöber W, Fink A, Bohn E: Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interface Sci 1968, 26:62.CrossRef 19. Krajnik B, Schulte T, Piątkowski D, Czechowski N, Hofmann E, Mackowski S: SIL-based confocal fluorescence microscope PXD101 for investigating individual nanostructures. Cent Eur J Phys 2011,9(2):293–299.CrossRef 20. Hofmann E, Wrench PM, Sharples FP, Hiller RG, Welte W, Diederichs K: Structural basis of light harvesting by carotenoids: peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae . Science 1996,272(5269):1788–1791.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare

that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BK and DP carried out the fluorescence experiments and analyzed the results. MG-R, PN, and BJ synthesized the dielectric nanoparticles used in this work.

EH provided the reconstituted photosynthetic complexes. PN, BJ, and SM designed the study and Vildagliptin coordinated the research and collaboration between the groups. BJ and SM wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most promising materials for a field emitter due to its remarkable electrical conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, and characteristics having unique structures such as high aspect ratio [1–5]. Many researches have been highly devoted to developing a practical application for the commercialization of field emitter, but there are still some problems to be solved such as the lifetime of the emitter [6–10]. There are many factors that affect the emitter lifetime AZD9291 supplier working in a state of vacuum. Among them, outgassing generated during emission is inarguably one of the most critical factors [11–13]. Especially, some organic binders can still remain after firing when the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) emitter is made in paste and be the source to release gas in the vacuum panel. The outgassing can give a severe damage to the vacuum microelectronic device by electrical arcing and ion bombardment onto a cathode or an anode. In addition to the physical damages, some gases can cause chemical etching to the MWCNT emitter.

Microbiology 2005, 151:2411–2419.PubMedCrossRef 13. Xiong Y, Chalmers MJ, Gao FP, Cross TA, Marshall AG: Identification CBL-0137 research buy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv integral membrane proteins by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and P5091 chemical structure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2005, 4:855–861.PubMedCrossRef 14. Målen H, Berven FS, Søfteland T, Arntzen MØ, D’Santos CS, De Souza GA, Wiker HG: Membrane and membrane-associated proteins in Triton X-114 extracts of Mycobacterium bovis BCG identified using a combination of gel-based and gel-free fractionation strategies. Proteomics 2008, 8:1859–1870.PubMedCrossRef

15. Ishihama Y, Oda Y, Tabata T, Sato T, Nagasu T, Rappsilber J, Mann M: Exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) for estimation of absolute protein amount in proteomics by the number of sequenced peptides per protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005, 4:1265–1272.PubMedCrossRef 16. Ishihama Y, Schmidt T, Rappsilber J, Mann M, Hartl FU, Kerner MJ, Frishman D: Protein abundance profiling of the Escherichia

coli cytosol. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:102.PubMedCrossRef 17. Babu MM, Priya ML, Selvan AT, Madera M, Gough J, Aravind L, Sankaran K: A database of bacterial lipoproteins (DOLOP) with functional assignments to predicted lipoproteins. J Bacteriol 2006, 188:2761–2773.PubMedCrossRef SB-715992 cell line 18. Rezwan M, Grau T, Tschumi A, Sander P: Lipoprotein synthesis in mycobacteria. Microbiology 2007, 153:652–658.PubMedCrossRef Tobramycin 19. Song H, Sandie R, Wang Y, Andrade-Navarro MA, Niederweis M: Identification of outer membrane proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008, 88:526–544.CrossRef 20. Kyte J, Doolittle RF: A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol 1982, 157:105–132.PubMedCrossRef 21. Althage M, Bizouarn

T, Kindlund B, Mullins J, Alander J, Rydstrom J: Cross-linking of transmembrane helices in proton-translocating nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from Escherichia coli : implications for the structure and function of the membrane domain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1659:73–82.PubMedCrossRef 22. Guenebaut V, Vincentelli R, Mills D, Weiss H, Leonard KR: Three-dimensional structure of NADH-dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa by electron microscopy and conical tilt reconstruction. J Mol Biol 1997, 265:409–418.PubMedCrossRef 23. Guenebaut V, Schlitt A, Weiss H, Leonard K, Friedrich T: Consistent structure between bacterial and mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). J Mol Biol 1998, 276:105–112.PubMedCrossRef 24. Mattow J, Siejak F, Hagens K, Schmidt F, Koehler C, Treumann A, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH: An improved strategy for selective and efficient enrichment of integral plasma membrane proteins of mycobacteria. Proteomics 2007, 7:1687–1701.PubMedCrossRef 25.