Częstość występowania łącznie nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci i młodzieży

w tych krajach szacuje się na 30 aż do blisko 40%. Tak wielką liczbę dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością w tych krajach tłumaczy się „amerykanizacją” stylu życia z bardzo małą aktywnością ruchową oraz odejściem od tradycyjnej diety śródziemnomorskiej. Na tle innych krajów europejskich występowanie nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci w Polsce jest na średnim poziomie. W naszym kraju przeprowadzono w ostatnich latach szereg badań oceniających występowanie nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci. Większość z nich obejmowała dzieci z wybranych Venetoclax order miejscowości bądź regionów, przeprowadzono również badania o charakterze ogólnopolskim. W 2001 roku Małecka-Tendera i wsp. [8]

prowadzili ogólnopolskie badania na reprezentatywnej grupie dzieci w wieku 7–9 lat. W określeniu nadwagi i otyłości stosowali kryteria IOTF (13). Nadwagę i otyłość stwierdzili u 15,8% dziewcząt i 15% chłopców, w tym otyłość u 3,7% dziewcząt i 3,6% chłopców. Oblacinska i wsp. [9] w 2005 r. dokonali oceny występowania nadwagi i otyłości u chłopców i dziewcząt wieku 14–15 lat w wybranych losowo województwach naszego kraju. Do określenia nadwagi i otyłości stosowali siatki skorelowanej masy ciała do wzrostu. Autorzy pracy stwierdzili występowanie nadwagi w badanej grupie chłopców na poziomie 10,2%, a otyłości odpowiednio – selleck screening library 4,9%. Badając dziewczęta, stwierdzili otyłość u 6,2% a nadwagę u 11,9% z nich. W badaniu OLAF: „Nadwaga i otyłość dzieci i młodzieży ADP ribosylation factor w Polsce – epidemiologia i uwarunkowania socjoekonomiczne”, realizowanym w latach 2007–2009 r. na grupie 17 573 dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 7–18 lat stwierdzono występowanie nadwagi i otyłości u 18% chłopców i 14% dziewcząt [10]. Programy telewizyjne, specjalne kanały tematyczne dla dzieci,

filmy wideo, gry wideo i komputerowe, specjalne strony internetowe dla dzieci, to tylko przykłady współczesnej oferty mediów skierowanej do tej grupy wiekowej. Obecnie dzieci spędzają około 4–5 godzin dziennie, korzystając z różnych rodzajów mediów. Niejednokrotnie jest to najdłuższy czas aktywności dziecka na robieniu czegokolwiek, oprócz spania [11]. Nawet najmłodsze dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym spędzają więcej czasu przed ekranem telewizora lub monitora, niż bawiąc się na podwórku [5] and [6]. W Polsce również liczba dzieci i młodzieży oglądających po 4 i więcej godzin dziennie programy telewizyjne stale rośnie. Ocenia się, że przeciętne dziecko w Stanach Zjednoczonych rocznie ogląda około 40 000 reklam, a rynek produktów spożywczych adresowanych do dzieci i młodzieży w tym kraju szacuje się na około 200 miliardów dolarów rocznie [12] and [13].

Nevertheless, knowledge on mechanisms and quantities is still scarce. The most significant emission pathways of microplastics into the

oceans have to be elucidated to devise effective options for a reduction of plastics input into the marine environment. Identifying the interrelation between source and sink regions will help to bring accumulation “hotspots” to light. In this context, mechanisms like weathering Inhibitor Library manufacturer and sedimentation need to be investigated since these processes influence transport behaviour in the ocean compartment and, in addition, affect the potential of the particles to endanger organisms of different sizes and in different habitats. Therefore, emission and transport pathways in oceans, in particular to remote regions like the Arctic (Zarfl and Matthies, 2010) have to be clarified, physical effects

on organisms of different levels of the GSK-3 inhibitor marine food chain have to be identified, and chemical effects, which are induced by pollutants contained on or in plastic particles, have to be elucidated. Several hints and pieces of scattered information are available on fate and effects of plastics in the marine environment. In most cases, however, systematic knowledge on underlying processes is missing. Thus, we need to collate the available information and to fill knowledge gaps in order to support policy and responsible organisations to build up a strategy for the achievement of GES in 2020. Knowledge of sources, sinks, abundance and trends of microplastics in the oceans are as important as the development of metrics and monitoring tools and strategies,

definition of effect endpoints and agreement FAD on thresholds. European experts met on the 29th October 2010 at the University of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, to discuss the various issues of plastics in the oceans and identify scientific research tasks to gain more knowledge on emission, transport, fate and effects of plastics in the oceans. They agreed on the following list of open questions which should be investigated in the near future: Which are the most significant emission pathways of microplastics into the oceans (direct emission as shredded plastic waste, direct emission resulting from the use in cleaning products, weathering of macroplastics)? What kinds of physical effects are induced within marine organisms by microplastics (Descriptor 10)? How strongly do organic pollutants sorb onto or into microplastics? How does weathering of the surface influence the sorption behaviour? The following were participants in the workshop: Ulrich Callies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material und Küstenforschung (D); Kim Detloff, Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union Germany e.V.

e., median memory z-score). Instead, we used a function to empirically search for any potential breakpoints where the slopes of the two segments are significantly different, according to memory score. Thus, we fitted a two-segment model parameterized so as to estimate the difference in linear slope between the segments. The model was fitted using 120 breakpoints in order to locate the memory

scores at which there was a significant (p < .05) difference between segment slopes. The significant breakpoint that divided group size most evenly (in order to distribute power between segments as equally as possible) was then identified, and the model was then re-parameterized to estimate Y-27632 price and test the slopes of the two segments joined at this breakpoint. This was conducted for right frontal volumes (DLPFC and IFG) with Immediate and Delayed recall score. We then created a general measure of memory network integrity for each participant. We created standardised scores (mean = 100, SD = 15) for each MRI variable significantly associated with memory at the LBH589 supplier group level, and then compared the means between the participants on either side of the breakpoint. The compensatory hypothesis would predict that poorer performers would have a significantly lower mean score than their counterparts. Our

sample included 8 left-handed participants. It has been proposed that the role of handedness may be 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase particularly relevant to performance

on some verbal memory tasks, such as paired associate recall (e.g., Lyle, McCabe, & Roediger, 2008). As such, we conclude by conducting sensitivity analysis, to check for any confounding of handedness on the reported results. Participant characteristics are described in Table 1 and the correlations among brain imaging variables can be found in Supplementary Table II. Compared to normed data for 70–74 year olds (Wechsler, 1998), participants’ mean scores on subtests were within the normal range, but slightly above the average scaled score of 10 on LM (scaled score = 13 for both I and II) and VPA (part I scaled score = 12, part II scaled score = 13). Within this, scaled scores ranged from very high to very low scores on LM (scaled score of 3–18 for part 1 and 4–19 for part II) and VPA (5–18 for part 1, 5–15 to II). Frontal volumes were generally well-correlated (r > .26, p < .05) apart from a non-significant correlation between right IFG and left DLPFC. Frontal volumes did not correlate significantly with callosal measures, nor were splenium and genu measures significantly related. We conducted correlations between the two verbal memory indices (Immediate and Delayed) against the 10 MRI-derived measures (bilateral region volumes of the IFG, DLPFC, and hippocampus, and FA and MD of the callosal splenium and genu) ( Fig. 1).

, 2007). Specifically, the significance level of group AMPz difference (real difference) was tested in a pseudo-random distribution of group differences obtained by randomly shuffling (N = 10,000) the label of conditions (i.e., match or mismatch) of time-frequency diagrams within each infant. The statistical effects of multiple comparisons were controlled by FDR (False Discovery Rate; see Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995) by the number of electrodes (i.e., 9 electrodes). We considered a measured AMPz difference above the (FDR-corrected) 97.5th percentile or below

the 2.5 percentile of the pseudo-random distribution of AMPz differences to be significant. Fig. 3(a) displays the resulting standardized AMP (AMPz) averaged across all 9 electrodes and all infants for the match and mismatch conditions, and the differences STA-9090 in AMPz between the two conditions. Fig. 3(b) presents a topographic map showing significant AMPz differences between the two conditions lasting more than .86 frequency cycles in each time window. The .86 frequency cycle criterion was chosen in such a way that the type I error does not occur in the baseline time window, where no difference between the match and mismatch conditions should be observed. The results revealed an increase of gamma-band (34–37 Hz) amplitude in the match condition as compared to the mismatch

condition in the 1–300 msec time window, which is earlier than the typical N400 time window (e.g., Branched chain aminotransferase around 400 msec). The increased gamma-band activity for the Copanlisib supplier sound-symbolically matched shape–sound pairs in the early time window is consistent with previous EEG amplitude studies on multi-sensory integration in adults (e.g., Schneider et al., 2008; in Schneider et al., gamma-band activity increased for matched audio-visual

stimuli at around 100–200 msec and 40–50 Hz), and also with results reported by Csibra et al. (2000), in which an increased gamma-band activity (at around 40 Hz) was observed for visual feature binding in 8-month-old infants at 180–320 msec after stimulus onset. The gamma-band increase was observed at the centro-parietal regions (electrodes C4, P3, Pz, and P4). This is also similar to the study of Schneider et al. (2008), in which gamma-band increase was observed at medial central regions. The early increase of gamma-band EEG amplitude for sound-symbolically matched sound-shape pairs was subsequently followed by beta- (and theta-) band increases in the 301–600 time window and by gamma- (and theta-) band increases in the 601–900 msec time window both for sound-symbolically mismatched sound-shape pairs. Beta-band activity, which is sometimes accompanied by amplitude increase in the theta, alpha and gamma band, is known to be involved in perceptual cross-modal processing (Senkowski et al., 2008, for a review).

Nos doentes

com doença inflamatória intestinal sob tratamento com infliximab, além da vigilância clínica e analítica da atividade da doença, é desejável monitorizar o tratamento através da avaliação da sua ICG-001 concentration concentração sérica e do doseamento dos anticorpos anti-infliximab, o que permitirá decisão mais fundamentada da opção de ajuste terapêutico. Este controlo seriado permite antecipar condições que comportem maior risco de perda de eficácia terapêutica. Os autores declaram que para esta investigação não se realizaram experiências em seres humanos e/ou animais. Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publicação dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo receberam informações suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo. Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e/ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo. O autor para correspondência deve estar na posse deste documento. Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses. “
“A ecoendoscopia (EE) permite avaliar toda a espessura da parede gastrointestinal e discriminar as suas diferentes camadas histológicas através

da respetiva correspondência ultrassonográfica, assumindo um papel único na caracterização das lesões parietais e no estadiamento loco-regional das neoplasias gastrointestinais (Ecoendoscopia digestiva na prática clínica – avaliação da parede gastrointestinal, GE 2011 vol.18). As outras DNA-PK inhibitor indicações advêm da sua capacidade de fornecer imagens de

alta resolução das estruturas adjacentes à parede digestiva, nomeadamente do pâncreas. A possibilidade de posicionar o transdutor muito próximo da área pancreática minimiza os efeitos de artefacto que são produzidos pela interposição de ar luminal digestivo, que constituem uma das principais limitações da abordagem ultrassonográfica transparietal convencional. As Casein kinase 1 sondas de alta frequência utilizadas fornecem imagens de alta resolução espacial, permitindo identificar estruturas milimétricas. A opção pela modalidade de abordagem linear ou radial depende das particularidades anátomo-clínicas a avaliar, da experiência do operador e da disponibilidade do equipamento. No entanto, é aceite que a ecoendoscopia linear permite uma melhor caracterização de alguns detalhes anatómicos do pâncreas, além de proporcionar a colheita de material para cito-histologia através de punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF). Desde a sua introdução, em 1992, que a punção aspirativa com agulha fina guiada por ecoendoscopia (PAAF-EE) se tem evidenciado como um procedimento eficaz e seguro, encontrando-se atualmente incluída em grande parte dos algoritmos de diagnóstico e estadiamento de lesões pancreáticas.

The lyophilized pellets were resolubilized in 4 mL 12.5% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA in water. Purification was carried out by reversed-phase HPLC Ultimate 3000 (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA), monitoring peptide elution at 230 nm. Approximately 20 mg of the crude peptides were chromatographed

using an Onyx Monolithic C18 column (10 × 100 mm, 13 nm & 2 μm pore size) with a linear gradient of 0.1% TFA in water (v/v) and 0.85% TFA in acetonitrile (v/v) at a flow rate of 5 mL/min over 25 min. The fractions of interest were spotted onto a stainless steel MALDI plate and observed by MALDI-TOF (Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX, Foster City, CA). Fractions containing greater than 80% purity http://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html were pooled and lyophilized. The Y-27632 nmr synthetic peptides were used in the assays below. Chloroform solution of asolectin was evaporated under N2 flow, rendering homogeneous films on round bottom flasks that were further dried under vacuum for at least 3 h. Films were hydrated at room temperature with buffer (Tris/H3BO3 5 mM, 0.5 mM Na2EDTA, 150 mM NaF, pH 7.5) to reach a final lipid concentration of 10 mg/mL and vortex mixed. SUVs were obtained after 50 min sonication (or until clear) with a tip sonicator in an ice/water

bath, under N2 flow; titanium debris was removed by centrifugation. SUVs were then submitted to 6 extrusions, at room temperature, through a 100 nm polycarbonate membrane followed by 11 extrusions through two stacked 50 nm polycarbonate membranes, using an Avanti mini-extruder. SUVs were kept under refrigeration and used in the same day of preparation. CD spectra were obtained at 20 μM peptide concentration in different environments: bi-distilled water, 5 mM Tris/H3BO3 buffer, pH 7.5, 8 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) solution (above critical micelle concentration), 40% v/v trifluoroethanol

(TFE)/water mixture, and in the presence Rutecarpine of 100 and 250 μg/mL asolectin vesicles. TFE solutions are known inductors of helical structures and micellar SDS as well as vesicles are membrane mimetic environments with anionic character, a feature common to bacterial membranes (Yeaman and Yount, 2003). At 40% TFE or at micellar concentration of SDS solutions (8 mM) they tend to induce the maximum observable values (Prates et al., 2004). In the presence of asolectin vesicles saturation was found at 250 μg/mL concentration. CD spectra were recorded from 260 to 203 or 190 nm (depending on signal-to-noise ratio) with a Jasco-710 spectropolarimeter (JASCO International Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) which was routinely calibrated at 290.5 nm using d-10-camphorsulfonic acid solution. Spectra were acquired at 25 °C using 0.5-cm path length cell, averaged over eight scans, at a scan speed of 20 nm/min, bandwidth of 1.0 nm, 0.5 s response, and 0.2 nm resolution.

For other flavouring films developed in this work, there was a reduction in E of 96 and 97% for films 2 and 3 (10 mL of EO + 5 mL of aroma/100 g of polymer; 5 mL of EO + 5 mL

of aroma/100 g of polymer, respectively) compared to the control. The apolar components of the lemon EO may have increased the strength of the links in the polymer chain and, consequently, increased the rigidity of the film. Over time, significant changes (p < 0.05) in the values of E were observed only for films 1 and 4 (film without EO and without aroma and film with 10 mL of aroma/100 g of polymer, respectively) ( Table 2). This shows that the lemon EO incorporated in the other treatments, films 2 and 3, acted to protect the films from alterations over time. The results showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) level of DNA-PK inhibitor EO and/or aroma on WVP. Components of the lemon aroma, such

as alcohols and esters, have hydrophilic characteristics and water molecules diffuse preferentially in the hydrophilic phase ( Sánchez-González et al., 2010). Furthermore the incorporation of 10 mL of aroma/100 g of polymer that has hydrophilic characteristics into the hydrophobic LDPE changed the structure of the polymer chains, resulting in a polymer matrix that was discontinuous and had a higher WVP ( Table 3). As shown in Table 2, films prepared with 5 mL of aroma/100 g of polymer (Films 2 and 3) showed no difference in WVP compared to the control, indicating that there is a limit for the addition of aroma within Pexidartinib purchase the studied interval. The addition of 10 mL and 5 mL of EO/100 g of polymer, respectively, in films 2 and 3 served to reduce the WVP in accordance with the hydrophobic nature of the EO and its high affinity for LDPE. The oil phase increases in the tortuosity factor for water transfer in the matrix, thus increasing the distance travelled by water molecules diffusing through the film and, consequently,

reducing the WVP (Sánchez-González, Cháfer, González-Martínez, Clomifene Chiralt, & Desobry, 2011). For the parameters of colour, opacity and b*, the level of EO and/or aroma in the film was significant. The addition of 10 mL of EO and 5 mL of aroma/100 g of polymer increased (p < 0.05) the values of b* and opacity compared with the control film ( Table 3). The flavouring films showed a more opaque, yellow colouration and therefore were less transparent with respect to films that lack lemon EO and aroma. As shown in the biplot graph (Fig. 2), the first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explain 56.01% and 56.30% of the variation found in the data analysis of the sensory attributes for aroma and taste. All samples showed high acceptance by the judges with respect to lemon aroma and taste.

3). The prefrontal cortex serves a variety of functions, including WM. Our experiments demonstrate that the impairment of spatial WM induced by intracortical injection of the exogenous cannabinoid Δ9-THC is prevented by the dopamine receptor antagonists SCH and CZP. Additionally, the present results also provide evidence that the cannabinoid induces disruption in spatial working memory. It was observed a different

pattern in the three doses of Δ9-THC in the experiments with D1 or D2 antagonists. Besides the fact that the experiments are independent (different animals), the vehicle solution for the drugs was different, being SAL for SCH and HCl for Ganetespib order CZP. This can explain the difference in the effectiveness pattern of Δ9-THC treatment or its VEH between SCH and CZP experiments. Administration of Δ9-THC significantly increased the number of errors in the radial maze task, and this finding is in accordance with published reports of Δ9-THC-induced spatial learning deficits in rats (Nakamura et al., 1991, Lichtman et al., 1995, Lichtman and Martin, 1996 and Silva de Melo et al., 2005). Memory impairment induced by Δ9-THC is mediated directly

through CB1 cannabinoid receptors (Mallet and Beninger, 1998, Varvel et al., 2001 and Varvel and Lichtman, 2002). As there is a high density of these cannabinoid receptors in the PFC (Wedzony and Chocyk, 2009, Eggan et al., 2010 and Mato et al., 2010), they probably mediate the Δ9-THC-induced impairment of WM in this brain area. Briefly, the synaptic Oxalosuccinic acid LDK378 function of cannabinoids is more compatible with a modulatory role than as a classic

transmitter. The frequent, although not exclusive, presynaptic location of CB1 receptors allows cannabinoids to directly influence presynaptic events, such as the synthesis and release of specific neurotransmitters, especially γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. Indeed, CB1 receptors are frequently located on neurons containing these neurotransmitters (Lafourcade et al., 2007 and Chiu et al., 2010). The combination of numerous pharmacological, electrophysiological, and immunohistochemical studies suggest that cannabinoid receptors function as retrograde signals at the synapse, directly preventing an excess of excitation or inhibition in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons, respectively (Schlicker and Kathmann, 2001, Piomelli, 2003 and Kano et al., 2009). DA has been frequently linked to the action of cannabinoids within the CNS. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that DA transmission is not the first target for the action of cannabinoid agonists; rather, the DA effects would be most likely indirect (Fattore et al., 2008 and Lupica et al., 2004). These effects involve a variety of regulatory functions exerted by mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons, such as the control of cognitive processes, learning, and memory.

Deeper incisions were performed in the remaining 3 procedures and necropsy confirmed the complete pyloro-myotomy. Mean duration of procedure was 63 minutes (range 53-75). No mucosal injury was seen. In one case intact serosa was seen but no perforations were noted. After POP the ease of scope passage improved from a mean score of 3.8 to 1.6. Non consequential MP injury was seen in 2/5 cases. Per Oral Pyloro-myotomy (POP) is a feasible procedure and we report first experience with this technique. Future animal lab data and survival models are required to further validate this technique. “
“Recently, cell-based therapies, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering Trametinib mouse have been progressing rapidly. We have developed

a novel strategy for regenerative medicine to recover tissue functions using temperature-responsive cell culture surfaces. To overcome of conventional methods such as the usage of single-cell suspension injection, we have applied transplantable cell sheets fabricated with temperature-responsive culture surfaces for cell delivery. In the field of gastroenterology, these regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches have Talazoparib cost attempted to prevent postoperative stricture by structurally and functionally reconstructing normal tissues through the promotion of early re-epithelialization after endoscopic large size mucosal

resection. Our group previously reported a method of regenerative therapy C1GALT1 involving the transplantation of fabricated autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets in a canine model and demonstrated its human clinical application. So far, the endoscopic technique of cell sheet transplantation was not easily procedure, and there were no endoscopic delivery devices to be useful for cell sheets transplantation. Presently, we are developing a novel endoscopic device for cell sheets transplantation, and we also show recent our research for esophageal regeneration

using cell sheet engineering after circumferential endoscopic large size mucosal resection. We examined allogeneic epidermal cell sheet transplantation using a novel endoscopic delivery device in order to transplant more than one cell sheet at the same time in porcine. The novel device were designed with a computer-aided design system, and the three-dimensional data were transferred to a 3D printer. The surface of the cell sheet transplantation device was fabricated using FDA-sanctioned acrylic material. And then, primary epidermal cells were isolated from the lower abdominal skin of pigs, cultured for 18 days at 37°C on temperature-responsive culture inserts. Transplantable cell sheets were harvested from the inserts by reducing temperature to 20°C. Immediately after creating full circumferential esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), allogeneic epidermal cell sheets were endoscopically transplanted to the ulcer site using a delivery device. The pigs were sacrificed 2 weeks after transplantation.

The Faroe Islands cohort study [14] documented adverse neurodevelopmental effects http://www.selleckchem.com/products/byl719.html of MeHg+ exposure in fetuses, including language, attention, and memory deficits. The Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) from that cohort was determined to be 58 μg L−1 of mercury in the blood of mothers of the group of children reported to have neurodevelopmental deficiencies. This was divided by an uncertainty factor of 10, resulting in a maternal blood [THg] of 5.8 μg L−1, which was further converted to an estimated maternal hair [THg] of approximately

1 μg g−1 associated with a daily intake of 0.1 μgmercury kgbodyweight−1 day−1 ([15] and [16]). However, the studies from the Faroe Islands, where the diet included pilot whales, are more likely to be confounded by concurrent exposure to other contaminants such as organochlorines (e.g., PCBs) than other populations studied [e.g., Seychelles Islands, Davidson et al. [17]]. Many studies have assessed exposure to Hg using different biological matrices (blood, hair, urine, and breast milk) ([18], [19] and [1]). Hair is an excellent biomarker of exposure to Hg because

of the capacity to indicate contamination over periods of weeks or months [20]. Hair incorporates circulating elements like Hg, especially the organic form of MeHg+, through the follicle during growth [20], [21] and [22]. In humans, the rate of hair growth is approximately one centimeter per month [22]. Therefore, the exposure to Hg in pregnant women click here can be non-invasively monitored during the full gestation period using strategic study designs related to analyses of select hair selleck compound segments. This information may suggest if products such as fish and shellfish consumed by the mothers could contribute to Hg exposure over time. The objective of the present study was to determine [THg] in hair segments of mothers living in Baja California Sur (BCS) and the potential relationship to age, parity, marine diet, and tobacco exposure. This manuscript is not intended to be a risk assessment

or provide consumption advice. Samples of occipital scalp hair were collected from women (n = 114) in BCS, Mexico, following the established sample collection procedure [22]. Sampling was performed during July to December 2011, and subjects were classified into one of three groups (n = 38 each) according to parity: GI (primipara); GII (2 partum); GIII (3 or more partum). During the first interview, informed consent and hair samples were collected on the day of discharge from the hospital. At the second interview, 7 to 10 days postpartum, the survey was administered and additional biological matrices collected. At this step, 43 of the women either did not want to give more information or could not be found. Overall, there were 97 samples with partial data and 75 with full information: GI (n = 27); GII (n = 23); GIII (n = 25).