We imaged over large tissue volumes containing the major part of the dendritic MG-132 in vitro arborization of individual neurons. Frame rates of 30 Hz and simultaneous stepping across different focal planes enabled us to acquire stacks of three images over a total depth of 20 μm in 100 ms, resulting in an acquisition rate of 10 Hz over a large part of the dendritic tree of a pyramidal neuron. Recording for several minutes at

four different locations of the cells shown in Figure 2 was sufficient to map synaptic activity and the sites of active synapses in 70%–90% of their dendritic arborization. This demonstrated that while synaptic transmission occurred even at the most distal apical dendrites, the frequency and density of synaptic inputs was higher in the primary apical and the proximal basal dendrites. We quantified the distribution of synaptic activity in the dendritic arborization across seven cells.

To make these numbers comparable, we chose an approach analogous to the Sholl diagram that is often used for the analysis and comparison of neuronal complexity (Sholl, 1953). While for the classical Sholl diagram the relevant parameter is the number of intersections between dendrites and concentrically arranged circles around the soma (Figures selleck kinase inhibitor 3A and 3B), our functional Sholl analysis sums the number of synaptic events per minute for dendritic areas of increasing distance from the soma (Figures 3C and 3D). The general distribution of dendritic branches and synaptic inputs was similar; however, some clear differences between the functional and structural diagrams were apparent. For example: while the density of branches within the most proximal until areas of the apical dendritic field is low, synaptic activity is high in absolute as well as relative terms. The highest density of synaptic inputs was measured in the basal dendrites, in the most proximal apical dendrites and in apical dendrites spanning a 50–100 μm wide region distal from the mossy fiber termination

zone within stratum radiatum. We observed the lowest density of synaptic inputs in the most distal apical dendrites (>200 μm from the soma). One possibility is that we underestimated the number of distal synapses due to an attenuation of their currents in the dendrite. In this case, one would expect to find a strongly reduced proportion of synaptic calcium transients in distal dendrites compared to proximal ones, because one would falsely identify synaptic transients as nonsynaptic. However, the proportion of calcium transients that were identified as synaptic within the total population was similar (or even higher) in distal apical dendrites compared to proximal dendrites (proximal, < 200 μm: 59 ± 9%; distal, > 200 μm: 74 ± 17%, not significant).