The

odds ratio (OR) was estimated as measure of association with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). In the first step of the analysis, univariate associations were evaluated. Subsequently, all variables in the univariate analyses with p < 0.05 were investigated in a multivariate analysis using a forward selleck inhibitor technique with significance level p < 0.05. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for less than good work ability, using the formula PAF = Pe (OR − 1)/(1 + Pe(OR − 1)), whereby Pe is the prevalence in the study population (Hennekens et al. 1987). We were interested in the potential additive interaction between a decreased work ability and poor working conditions on the presence of productivity loss. Therefore, interactions between work ability and work-related factors were estimated for work-related factors which remained statistically significant at p < 0.05 in the multivariate model. Interaction was considered to be present when the combined association of both factors (decreased work ability as well as poor working conditions)

was larger than the sum of the independent associations of decreased work ability and poor working conditions. Interaction terms were defined by product terms of dichotomized variables, resulting in four exposure categories. Subjects with a good or excellent work ability and good working conditions were defined as reference Selonsertib purchase category. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was estimated as measure for interaction with confidence levels based on covariances in line with Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) the delta method of Hosmer and Lemeshow (1992), using the following formula: RERI = RR (Decreased WAI and poor working condition) − RR (Decreased WAI and good working condition) − RR (Good WAI and poor working condition) + 1 (Andersson et al. 2005). In order to calculate RERI from a logistic regression analysis, we assumed that the odds ratios could be used as a fair approximation of relative risks. RERI

can be interpreted as a measure of departure from additivity adjusted for confounders, in which a RERI of zero means no departure from additivity. The additive interaction is considered statistically significant when zero is outside the 95% confidence interval (CI). All analyses were Selleck mTOR inhibitor carried out with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 15.0 for Windows (1999). Results About 44% of the subjects reported productivity loss at work during the last workday, with an average loss of 11.4% compared with a regular workday (Table 1). This indicates an average loss of 0.9 h on an 8-h workday. The mean age of the study population was about 44 years, ranging from 18 to 68 years. The distribution of excellent, good, moderate, and poor work ability was 32.8, 47.4, 16.4, and 3.4%, respectively. Work-related factors were moderate interrelated with Pearson correlations ranging from −0.10 to 0.