The expression of SOX2 protein in
primary human lung cancer tissues were also confirmed by immunohistochemical staining, and SOX2 was detected in more than 80% of primary lung cancer tissues. To address SOX2 molecular functions, we established a SOX2-overexpressed LHK2 and A549 cell line (LHK2-SOX2 and A549-SOX2). LHK2-SOX2 cells showed higher rates of SP cells YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 supplier and higher expression of POU5F1 compared with control cells. LHK2-SOX2 and A549-SOX2 cells showed relatively higher tumorigenicity than control cells. On the other hand, SOX2 mRNA knockdown of LHK2 SP cells by gene-specific siRNA completely abrogated tumorigenicity in vivo. These observations indicate that SOX2 has a role in maintenance of stemness and tumorigenicity of human lung adenocarcinoma CSCs/CICs and is a potential target for treatment. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 1796-1804; selleck chemical doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.140; published online 19 September 2011″
“Background. The experience of uncontrollability and helplessness in the face of stressful life events is regarded as an important determinant in the development and maintenance of depression. The inability to successfully deal with stressors might be linked to dysfunctional prefrontal functioning. We assessed cognitive, behavioural and physiological effects of stressor uncontrollability in depressed and healthy individuals. In addition, relationships between altered
cortical processing and cognitive vulnerability traits of depression were analysed.
Method. A total of 26 unmedicated depressed patients and 24 matched healthy controls were tested in an expanded TCL forewarned reaction (S1-S2) paradigm. In a factorial design, stressor controllability varied across three consecutive conditions: (a) control, (b) loss of control and (c) restitution
of control. Throughout the experiment, error rates, ratings of controllability, arousal, emotional valence and helplessness were assessed together with the post-imperative negative variation (PINV) of the electroencephalogram.
Results. Depressed participants showed an enhanced frontal PINV as an electrophysiological index of altered information processing during both loss of control and restitution of control. They also felt more helpless than controls. Furthermore, frontal PINV magnitudes were associated with habitual rumination in the depressed sub-sample.
Conclusions. These findings indicate that depressed patients are more susceptible to stressor uncontrollability than healthy subjects. Moreover, the experience of uncontrollability seems to bias subsequent information processing in a situation where control is objectively re-established. Alterations in prefrontal functioning appear to contribute to this vulnerability and are also linked to trait markers of depression.”
“Individuals vary in their initial reactions to drugs of abuse in ways that may contribute to the likelihood of subsequent drug use.