The animals were challenged intraperitoneally with different

dosages of either wild-type L. interrogans serovar Lai strain Lai or the fliY – mutant, and then observed for 10 d [1]. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Zhejiang University. Statistical analysis Ralimetinib solubility dmso Data from a minimum of three experiments were averaged and presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test were used to determine ATM Kinase Inhibitor order significant differences. Statistical significance was defined as P value ≤ 0.05. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant (30370072) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and a grant (2007XZA02) from the Natural Scientific National Foundation of Zhejiang Medical College of China. We are grateful to Dr. Tanya Parish and Dr. Amanda C. Brown (Center for Infectious Disease, A-1210477 Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK) for having graciously provided the plasmid p2NIL used in this study. References 1. Faine S, Adher B, Bloin C, Perolat P:Leptospira and leptospirosis. 2 Edition Australia: MedSci 1999. 2. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, Levett PN, Gilman RH, Willig MR, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz

JM: Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3:757–771.CrossRefPubMed 3. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI: Leptospirosis. Curr

Opin Infect Dis 2005, 18:376–386.CrossRefPubMed 4. Lomar AV, Diament D, Torres www.selleck.co.jp/products/Verteporfin(Visudyne).html JR: Leptospirosis in Latin America. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2000, 14:23–39. vii-viiiCrossRef 5. Levett PN: Leptospirosis. Clin Microbio Rev 2001, 14:296–326.CrossRef 6. Meslin FX: Global aspects of emerging and potential zoonoses: a WHO perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 1997, 3:223–228.CrossRefPubMed 7. Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA: Medical Microbiology. 22 Edition U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill 2001, 291–293. 8. Wolgemuth CW, Charon NW, Goldstein SF, Goldstein RE: The flagellar cytoskeleton of the spirochetes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 11:221–227.CrossRefPubMed 9. Li C, Motaleb A, Sal M, Goldstein SF, Charon NW: Spirochete periplasmic flagella and motility. Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2000, 2:345–354. 10. Charon NW, Goldstein SF: Genetics of motility and chemotaxis of a fascinating group of bacteria: the spirochetes. Annu Rev Genet 2002, 36:47–73.CrossRefPubMed 11. Li LW, Ojcius DM, Yan J: Comparison of invasion of fibroblasts and macrophages by high- and low-virulence Leptospira strains: colonization of the host-cell nucleus and induction of necrosis by the virulent strain. Arch Microbiol 2007, 188:591–598.CrossRefPubMed 12. Dong HY, Hu Y, Xue F, Sun D, Ojcius DM, Mao YF, Yan J: Characterization of the ompL1 gene of pathogenic Leptospira species in China and cross-immunogenicity of the OmpL1 protein. BMC Microbiol 2008, 8:223–235.CrossRefPubMed 13.