Such reaction schemes arise in the immune response, where immunoglobulins (bivalent receptors) bind to pathogens or allergens. The equilibria may be described by an infinite system of algebraic equations, which accounts for complexes of arbitrary size n (n being the number of receptors present in the complex). The system can be reduced to just 3 GSK2879552 algebraic equations for the concentrations of free (unbound) receptor, free ligand and free inhibitor. Concentrations of all other complexes can be written explicitly in terms of these variables. We analyze how concentrations of key (experimentally-measurable) quantities vary with system parameters. Such measured

quantities can furnish important information about dissociation constants in the system, which are difficult to obtain by other means. We provide analytical expressions and suggest specific experiments that could be used to determine the dissociation constants.”
“Background: Previous work has shown that the hypersaline-adapted archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, is highly resistant to oxidative stress caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide, UV, and gamma radiation. Dynamic alteration

of the gene regulatory LY411575 network (GRN) has been implicated in such resistance. However, the molecular functions of transcription regulatory proteins involved in this response remain unknown.\n\nResults: Here we have reanalyzed several existing GRN

and systems biology datasets for H. salinarum to identify and characterize a novel winged helix-turn-helix transcription factor, VNG0258H, as a regulator required for reactive oxygen species resistance in this organism. This protein appears to be unique to the haloarchaea at the primary sequence level. High throughput quantitative growth assays in a deletion Vorinostat mutant strain implicate VNG0258H in extreme oxidative stress resistance. According to time course gene expression analyses, this transcription factor is required for the appropriate dynamic response of nearly 300 genes to reactive oxygen species damage from paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. These genes are predicted to function in repair of oxidative damage to proteins and DNA. In vivo DNA binding assays demonstrate that VNG0258H binds DNA to mediate gene regulation.\n\nConclusions: Together these results suggest that VNG0258H is a novel archaeal transcription factor that regulates gene expression to enable adaptation to the extremely oxidative, hypersaline niche of H. salinarum. We have therefore renamed VNG0258H as RosR, for reactive oxygen species regulator.”
“To analyze the treatment outcomes and clinical courses for men with lower urinary tract symptoms, after long-term treatment of alpha-blocker and anticholinergic combination in real-life practice.\n\nA total of 210 men, with lower urinary tract symptoms, had combination therapy for 3 months.