Production of nanorods

using CNTs as reacting templates [51–55]. Applications for nanotubes encompass many fields and disciplines such as medicine, nanotechnology, manufacturing, construction, electronics, and so on. The following application can be noted: high-strength composites [54, 56–61], actuators [62], energy storage and energy conversion devices [63], nanoprobes and sensors [61], hydrogen storage media [64], electronic devices [65], and catalysis [66]. However, the following sections detail existing applications of CNTs in the biomedical industry YM155 concentration exclusively. Before use of carbon nanotube in biological and biomedical environments, there are three barriers which must be overcome: functionalization, pharmacology, and toxicity of CNTs. One of the main disadvantages of carbon nanotubes is the lack of solubility in aqueous media, and to overcome this problem, scientists have been modifying the

surface of CNTs, i.e., fictionalization with different hydrophilic molecules selleck inhibitor and chemistries that improve the water solubility and biocompatibility of CNT [67]. Another barrier with carbon nanotube is the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles which are affected by many physicochemical characteristics such as shape, size, chemical composition, aggregation, solubility surface, and fictionalization. Studies have shown that water-soluble CNTs are biocompatible with the body fluids and do not any toxic side effects or mortality. Another important barrier is toxicity of CNTs. Generally, the combination of the high surface area and the intrinsic toxicity of the surface can be responsible for the harmful effects of nanoparticles. The toxicity of CNTs can Florfenicol be affected by the size of nanotubes. The particles under 100 nm have potential harmful properties such as more potential toxicity to the lung, escape from the normal phagocytic defenses, modification of protein structure, activation of

inflammatory and immunological responses, and potential redistribution from their site of deposition. Artificial implants Nanomaterials show probability and promise in regenerative medicine because of their attractive chemical and physical properties [68]. Generally, reject implants with the postadministration pain, and to avoid this rejection, attachment of nanotubes with proteins and amino acids has been promising. Carbon nanotube, both single and multi-WNT, can be employed as implants in the form of artificial joints and other implants without host rejection response. Moreover, because of unique properties such as high tensile strength, CNTs can act as bone substitutes and implants if filled with calcium and shaped/arranged in the bone structure [69, 70].