Presteriled coupons were placed in wells of a 6-well plate, suspensions of monospecies or dual species added and the plate incubated for 90 min (the adhesion phase) in an orbital shaker (75 rpm) at 37°C. Thereafter, the supernatant was removed, washed twice with PBS, fresh TSB added and incubated for 24 hours (initial colonization) or 48 hours

(maturation) under same environmental www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-839.html conditions. At the end of each time interval, the prewashed coupons were stained with Live and Dead stain (Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability kit, Invitrogen, Eugene, USA). The biofilm architecture was then analyzed by fluorescent microscopy (using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope). Scanning Electron Microscopy For SEM, we developed Angiogenesis inhibitor single species

biofilms (Candida alone and P. aeruginosa alone) as well as Candida and P. aeruginosa mixed biofilms on custom made, tissue culture treated, polystyrene coupons as described above. At 90 min, 24 h, 48 h, selected coupons were removed from the wells, washed twice with PBS and placed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h. Samples were subsequently washed in distilled water, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol (70% for 10 min, 95% for 10 min, and 100% for 20 min), and air dried in a desiccator prior to sputter coating with gold. Then the specimens were mounted on aluminium stubs, with copper tape, coated with gold under low-pressure with an ion sputter coater (JEOL JFC1 100: JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The surface topographies of the biofilm were visualized with a scanning electron TCL microscope (Philip XL30CP) in high-vacuum mode at 10 kV, and the images processed. Statistical NU7026 analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16.0). Mann–Whitney U test was performed to compare the significant differences between control and each test sample of the bacterial/Candidal biofilm. Data from all Candida spp. and P. aeruginosa analyses at different time points were pooled, and evaluated using

Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Acknowledgements Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Zaw Moe Thein for his advice. This study was supported by the grant of CERG HKU 7624/06M of The University of Hong Kong References 1. Douglas LJ: Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol 2003, 11:30–36.PubMedCrossRef 2. Samaranayake LP: Essential microbiology for dentistry. 3rd edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. 3. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999,284(5418):1318–1322.PubMedCrossRef 4. Jenkinson HF, Douglas LJ: Interactions between Candida species and and bacteria in mixed infections. In Polymicrobial diseases. Edited by: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM. ASM Press; 2002:357–373. 5. Potera C: Forging a link between biofilms and disease.