Parameters were determined based on ab initio data obtained from previous works on Si/Br systems by [Ohta J. Appl. Phys. 104, 073302 (2008)]. By using this model, we performed Si etching simulations by monoenergetic HBr+
and Br+ beams. H atom has about 1% of the translational energy of cluster ions due to the small H/Br mass ratio (=1.0/79.9); therefore, H atoms in HBr+ behave like H radicals. This results in higher etch yields by HBr+ than those by Br+ in the low-energy region (less than 100 see more eV). This can be attributed to the chemical enhancement induced by the formation of Si-H bonds. On the other hand, yields by HBr+ and Br+ were almost the same in the high-energy region (more than 100 eV), where physical sputtering was relatively dominant and the contribution of H was small.”
“Podocyte injury is associated with progression PX-478 of many renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. In this study we examined whether aldose reductase (AR), the enzyme implicated in diabetic complications in different tissues, is modulated by high glucose and osmolarity in podocyte cells. AR mRNA, protein expression, and activity were measured in mouse
podocytes cultured in both normal and high glucose and osmolarity for 6 hours to 5 days. Hyperosmolarity acutely stimulated AR expression and activity, with subsequent increase of AR expression but decrease of activity. High glucose also elevated AR protein level; however, this was not accompanied by respective enzyme activation.
Furthermore, high glucose appeared to counteract the osmolarity-dependent activation of AR. In conclusion, in podocytes AR is modulated by high glucose and increased osmolarity in a different manner. Posttranslational events may affect AR activity independent of enzyme protein amount. Activation of AR in podocytes Selleckchem GDC-0994 may be implicated in diabetic podocytopathy.”
“Purpose of review
To provide an overview of currently available immunosuppressive strategies and novel therapeutic developments in pancreas transplantation.
Recent findings
From 1966 through 2012 more than 30 000 pancreas transplantations have been performed around the world with excellent patient and graft survival. However, drug-related side effects and toxicities remain to negatively affect long-term outcomes. At present, more than 90% of pancreas transplant recipients receive induction therapy with depleting or nondepleting antibodies. The most widely used maintenance protocols are based on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil with early or delayed corticosteroid withdrawal. In case of documented side effects related to this standard protocol, several regimens are actively pursued to switch to mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors as well as to attempt initial calcineurin inhibitor avoidance and immunosuppression minimization.