\n\nObjective: Compare and contrast pain in BPS/IC patients and controls using a whole-body diagram (visible body areas). Examine the association between patient adjustment factors and greater number of body pain areas (pain phenotypes).\n\nDesign,

Selleck VX-770 setting, and participants: Validated questionnaires were collected from diagnosed, tertiary-care, outpatient, female BPS/IC patients (n = 193) and age-matched controls (n = 115). Scales included a body pain area diagram, demographics/history, pain severity, BPS/IC symptoms, pain, depression, catastrophizing, and QoL.\n\nOutcome measurements and statistical analysis: Cross-tabulation and analysis of variance models addressed the patient and control differences.\n\nResults and limitations: Patients reported more pain than controls in all reported body areas. Four AZD5582 ic50 pain phenotypes were created based on increasing counts of body locations (BPS/IC only, BPS/IC + plus 1-3 additional locations, BPS/IC plus 4-9, BPS/IC >= 10). Patients reported more body pain locations, pain, urinary symptoms, depression, catastrophizing, and diminished QoL than controls. The increased-pain phenotype was associated

with poorer psychosocial adjustment and diminished physical QoL, but catastrophizing and low scores for mental QoL remained stable across all patient groups. This study was cross-sectional, relying on correlation-based analyses, thus causality cannot be established.\n\nConclusions: Patients reported numerous systemic pain symptoms outside the areas associated with the bladder/pelvic region, and increased numbers of body pain sites were associated with poorer patient outcomes (ie, pain severity, depression). This study illustrates the significant negative impact of pain on patient adjustment in BPS/IC. These findings suggest that clinicians carefully consider pain location distributions and the potential impact of body pain phenotypes during patient evaluation and treatment planning. (C) 2012 European Association of Urology. Published

by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“The isothermal equation of state of rhenium has been measured by powder X-ray diffraction PKC inhibitor experiments up to 144GPa at room temperature in a diamond anvil cell. A helium pressure transmitting medium was used to minimize the non-hydrostatic stress on the sample. The fit of pressure-volume data yields a bulk modulus K-0 = 352.6GPa and a pressure derivative of the bulk modulus K-0′ = 4.56. This equation of state differs significantly from a recent determination [Dubrovinsky et al., Nat. Commun. 3, 1163 (2012)], giving here a lower pressure at a given volume. The possibility of using rhenium gasket X-ray diffraction signal, with the present equation of state, to evaluate multi-Mbar pressures in the chamber of diamond anvil cells is discussed. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Background: Saudi Arabia has a declining rate of breastfeeding and increasing levels of childhood asthma and atopic disease.