muticum increased the rates of respiration and light-use efficiency of macroalgal assemblages. However, this effect was only a consequence of additional biomass and thus it disappeared when S. muticum lost most of its biomass after senescence. In addition, the increased predictability

between species richness and ecosystem function found in native macroalgal assemblages disappeared in invaded assemblages. The introduction of species with traits not found in the recipient buy LDE225 assemblage can produce large-scale alterations of ecosystem processes and structure (Ruesink et al. 2006). In this study, S. muticum when present at elevated biomass modified respiration and light-use efficiency of assemblages. However, as a habitat modifier, S. muticum individuals may also modify a variety of other ecosystem processes (Wallentinus

and Nyberg 2007). S. muticum has a high growth capacity and is known to influence assemblages by modifying levels of light (Britton-Simmons 2004, Strong et al. 2006), water movement, and temperature (Strong et al. 2006) within canopy areas. Considered an invasive species in its introduced range all around the world (Critchley et al. 1983), S. muticum varies greatly in its ability to impact native systems due to its seasonal reproduction, followed by a rapid shedding of the reproductive tissues (Arenas and Fernández 1998). In the autumn, after a substantial loss of biomass, our results suggest that S. muticum acts as a weak invader and becomes a minor component of native assemblages. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 In the spring, due to the elevated find more biomass, this species becomes dominant at the expense of native species and processes and acts as a strong invader (sensu Ortega and Pearson 2005). The different morphological forms of S. muticum

individuals between seasons may have significant differences in the percentage of photosynthetic tissue, net photosynthesis, and specific growth rate, as previously demonstrated for the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan 1979 (Hanisak et al. 1988). Thus, these varying results between seasons are not totally unexpected, although the type of relationship may be. In a previous study using intertidal macroalgal assemblages, also in November/December, correlations with evenness were not significant for any functional variable addressed (Arenas et al. 2009), contrasting with the negative relationship found in this study. The impact of S. muticum can be related to its biomass dominance in the invaded assemblages, in agreement with the sampling effect hypothesis, i.e., the increasing probability of selecting a species with a specific property with increasing species richness (Huston 1997). It has been suggested that native species with a long history of co-evolution may influence ecosystem processes through resource use efficiency, whereas NIS effects on the recipient assemblage occurs through sampling effects (Ruesink et al. 2006).