mTOR is also involved in the activation of SBE-��-CD cost mitochondrial biogenesis [35]. Gamma-secretase inhibitor These observations are in agreement with the current study which demonstrated an increased insulin response in the CHO + WPI trial, which may have played a role in the increased PGC-1α mRNA expression observed. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a well-established adaptation associated with endurance-type exercise [36], with PGC-1α and AMPK important regulators of this process in skeletal muscle [36, 37]. Changes in cellular energy status activate AMPK, which in turn phosphorylates PGC-1α [36, 38]. AMPK-α2 mRNA expression was decreased compared to rest in the CHO trial after cycling

at 90% VO2 max and 6 h recovery, although this was not different to the CHO + WPI trial. PGC-1α binds and co-activates a number of transcription factors from both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [36, 39]. A single bout of physical activity has been shown to increase PGC-1α mRNA in humans [40, 41]. The results from the current study demonstrated co-ingestion of CHO + WPI elevated PGC-1α mRNA expression compared to CHO at the end of the 6 h recovery period. This result may have important selleck implications for consuming CHO + WPI with an endurance training program and enhancing muscle adaptations to training load. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of co-ingestion of carbohydrate and proteins

during and after endurance-type exercise on protein synthesis rates and whole body protein balance [42, 43]. However, these studies do not explore co-ingestion of CHO and proteins on signalling pathways involved in protein synthesis,

in particular mitochondrial biogenesis signalling. Breen et al. [44] investigated mitochondrial and myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis when carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus protein beverages were ingested following prolonged endurance cycling. This study found ingestion of carbohydrate plus protein increased myofibrillar but not mitochondrial muscle protein synthesis. This is in contrast to the current study, in which PGC-1α mRNA increased with CHO + WPI compared to CHO alone. Aerobic exercise, such as the prolonged cycling performed in the study by Breen et al. [44], represents a stimulus that would elicit adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial protein Dipeptidyl peptidase synthesis, in which PGC-1α is considered a master regulator. The current study investigated mRNA 6 hours post exercise, whereas Breen et al. [44] measured protein synthesis 4 hours post exercise. The latter time point may be too soon after exercise and consumption of CHO plus protein beverage, to see an increase in mitochondrial proteins [36]. It is important to note, the current study included 2 weeks of dietary control and supplementation prior to the exercise trial and the Breen et al. [44] study only supplemented post exercise. The CHO intake of the trained cyclist in the Breen et al.