Long lists of edible NTFPs (Bharucha and Pretty, 2010) have been complied and many tree foods (especially fruits) have indeed been subject to some domestication (see Sections 2.2 and 3). Counter to the common perception, however, the presence of wild food

find protocol species in local forest and woodland landscapes does not necessarily mean that these are consumed by humans. Termote et al. (2012) illustrated this with a survey around the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where a wide variety of wild food plants were found, but few contributed significantly to human diets (despite significant local dietary deficiencies). When there is relatively low NTFP-food use in areas of dietary need, reasons can include the high labour costs involved in collection and processing, low yields, high phenotypic variability (with large proportions of non-preferred produce), and lack of knowledge in the community. Regarding the last point, in eastern Niger and northern Burkina Faso, respectively, for example, Saracatinib women prepare protein-rich condiments from the seeds of prosopis (Prosopis africana) and zanmné (Acacia macrostachya), but women in other parts of the Sahel (where the same trees are found) are not aware of these food values and do not harvest and manage woodlands for these species ( Faye et al., 2011). Research suggests that knowledge

on use is often higher among indigenous peoples than among immigrant communities ( Kuhnlein et al., 2009 and Moran, 1993), while within communities cultural perceptions on who should eat particular foods, and when, are also important ( Balée, 2013 and Hladik et al., 1993). The relationship between the availability of food MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit and its consumption is therefore often complex, and simple surveys of absence/presence are not in themselves adequate for understanding diets ( Webb and Kennedy, 2012). When collection costs, low yields and high proportions of non-preferred produce are factors inhibiting use, domestication can have an important role to play (Sections 2.2 and 3). To support the NTFP sector on a proper evidence

base without over- or under-stating value – as both these scenarios lead to inappropriate interventions – policy makers need to understand the caveats and subtleties involved in interpreting existing valuations (Sheil and Wunder, 2002). Fortunately, more appropriate methods for quantifying value, based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, have been adopted in the last decade to allow more informed decision making (examples given in Table 1; Belcher et al., 2005). The data from these studies indicate that appropriate NTFP-policy support could preferentially benefit the most marginalised households in societies and women in particular because of the significant income benefits they receive from NTFPs.