In a minority of IPf neurons (33%), muscarinic agonists produced a membrane depolarization via activation of predominantly M. receptors. The muscarinic receptor-mediated actions were independent of IPf neuronal subtype (i.e. diffuse or bushy neurons); however the cholinergic actions were correlated with IPf neurons with different efferent targets. Retrogradely-labeled IPf neurons from frontal cortical fluorescent bead injections primarily consisted of bushy type IPf neurons (78%), but more importantly, all of these neurons were depolarized by muscarinic agonists. On the other hand, selleck kinase inhibitor IPf neurons labeled by striatal injections

were Our results indicate two distinct subpopulations of IPf projection neurons, and interestingly IPf neurons respond differentially to muscarinic receptor activation based on their axonal target. Crown Copyright

(C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO. All rights reserved.”
“Due to its lipophobic properties, dopamine is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier following systemic application. However, buy 5-Fluoracil recently it has been demonstrated that, when applied directly via the nasal passages in the rat, dopamine exerts neurochemical and behavioural action, including increases of dopamine in striatal subregions, antidepressive-like action, and increased behavioral activity. These effects could potentially be mediated by exogenous dopamine acting as a direct agonist at postsynaptic dopamine receptors. However, it is also possible that intranasally applied dopamine acts indirectly via the modulation of the activity of dopaminergic cell bodies. To approach this question, the present study used rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the nigrostriatal tract, as these lesions lead to pharmacologically stimulated behavioural asymmetries which are specific for direct and indirect dopamine agonists. We found that 7 days of repeated treatment

with intranasal dopamine induced a sensitization of the turning response to amphetamine, but not to apomorphine. Furthermore, intranasal dopamine dose-dependently increased the use of the forepaw ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA-lesioned side of the brain. These results suggest CB-839 ic50 that intranasally administered dopamine acts via an indirect mechanism of action, putatively by increasing the release of endogenous dopamine in the brain. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the retina, rod signal pathways process scotopic visual information. Light decrements are mediated by two distinct groups of rod pathways in the dark-adapted retina that can be differentiated on the basis of their sensitivity to the glutamate agonist DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB).