Hydration status Examination of USG and body mass revealed a main effect for time for both measures respectively (p = 0.01, p = 0.003) with no difference between drink conditions (Table 3). Before training participants’ USG was higher in all groups with the C and G Integrin inhibitor groups having near hypohydrated values of 1.019 and 1.020 respectively. Two participants in the C group had USG values >1.030. Body mass increased after training for

all groups (p = 0.01). Participants gained an average of 0.31 kg or 0.44% body mass. Table 3 Changes of hydration variables measured in the WCS   Crystal Light (C) Gatorade (G) Infinit (INW) USG pre (AU) 1.020 ± 0.003 1.020 ± 0.002 1.018 ± 0.002 USG post (AU)c 1.015 ± 0.006 1.007 ± 0.002 1.014 ± 0.002 Change in body mass (kg) 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 Change in hemoglobin (%)+ −4.1

± 1.5 −7.5 ± 1.6 −4.5 ± 3.0b Change in MDV3100 plasma volume (%)+ 1.3 ± 0.28 1.7 ± 0.33 1.5 ± 0.82 Sweat rate (mL.h-1) 510.1 [20.9 -841.1] 597.3 [401.1 – 848.0] 727.2 [456.2-849.0] Sodium intake (g)* 0 1.2 [1.1 – 1.2] 4.7 [4.4 – 4.7] Sodium loss (g) 3.1 [0.94 – 5.9] 3.7 [2.0 – 5.8] 4.9 [2.0 – 7.4] Sodium balance (g) −3.1 [−4.4 – 0.94] −2.5 [2.9 - -0.77] −0.23 [−1.2 – 2.7]a * – All groups are significantly different from each other (p < 0.001). a – Significantly different from Crystal Light (p = 0.022). + Main effect for time indicating www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html that there was an increase in plasma volume in all groups following training (p < 0.001). b – Significantly different from pre-training (p < 0.05). c – different from pre-training USG with a main effect for time (p = 0.003). Values are shown as the mean (range) for each condition. Blood hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the G group after training when compared to controls pre-training (p > 0.05) (Table 3). When changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit were used to calculate changes in plasma volume there was a main effect for time (p < 0.001), indicating a significant increase from pre to post-training; however, there

were no differences between groups (Table 2). Electrolytes Blood sodium concentrations were reduced 2.6% in the C and 2.3% in the G FER condition when compared to INW (p = 0.031, p = 0.069) (Figure 2). Post-training sodium concentration was different between C and INW conditions only (p = 0.031) (Figure 2A). Sodium intake was different between each group; however, the amount lost through sweat was not different (Table 2). This resulted in only the INW group having a near neutral sodium balance compared to C and G groups (p = 0.022) There was a main effect for time for both blood potassium and chloride concentration (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) (Figure 2). One-way ANOVA of the post-training measurements of these electrolytes suggested a trend towards difference in groups for chloride (p = 0.072).