Furthermore, interfering in MDMA metabolism using the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone potentiated the neurotoxicity of MDMA, indicating that metabolites that are substrates for this enzyme may contribute to neurotoxicity.

Conclusions This is the first report showing a direct relationship between core body temperature and MDMA metabolism. This

finding has implications on both the temperature dependence of the mechanism of MDMA neurotoxicity and human use, as hyperthermia is often associated with MDMA use in humans.”
“Insulin resistance is a key defect associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes. The precise factors that lead to insulin resistance have not been elucidated fully, but there is a Y-27632 chemical structure strong association between insulin resistance and inappropriate lipid accumulation in insulin-target tissues. Over the past decade, several studies have reported changes in

markers of mitochondrial metabolism in insulin-resistant individuals. These observations have led to the theory that compromised mitochondrial oxidative function, particularly in skeletal NCT-501 molecular weight muscle, causes excess lipid deposition and the development of insulin resistance. Here, we review the latest findings regarding the link between mitochondrial metabolism and insulin action and, in particular, highlight several recent studies that call into question the cause-and-effect relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance.”
“Objectives. To examine the association of engagement in cognitively stimulating activities with cognitive and functional decline in a population-based sample of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Method. After diagnosis, 187 participants (65% females) were followed semiannually Sitaxentan for a mean 2.7 (SD = 0.4) years. Mean age and education were

84.6 (SD = 5.8) and 13.2 (SD = 2.9) years. Caregivers enumerated cognitively stimulating leisure activities via the Lifestyle Activities Questionnaire. Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and functional ability via the Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes. Linear mixed models tested the association between stimulating activities and change over time in each outcome. Covariates were demographic factors, estimated premorbid IQ, presence/absence of the APOE epsilon 4 allele, duration of dementia, level of physical activity, and general health.

Results. At initial assessment, 87% of participants were engaged in one or more stimulating activities, with mean (SD) activities = 4.0 (3.0). This number declined to 2.4 (2.0) at the final visit. There was a statistical interaction between dementia duration and number of activities in predicting rate of cognitive decline (p = .02) and overall functional ability (p = .006).

Discussion. Active involvement in cognitively stimulating pursuits may be beneficial for persons with AD.