Forty-two cases (34 male, eight female) from the published work were analyzed in terms of age at presentation and onset, clinical appearance, radiological findings, histopathological findings, treatment and etiology. Mean age at presentation

selleckchem was 18.6years. The suspected age at onset in 30 cases (75%) ranged from elementary school to high school age. In terms of radiological findings, anterior dislocation of the coccyx was found in 79.5%. In terms of histopathological findings, marked thickening of the dermis due to the proliferation of collagen bundles was observed in all examined cases. No nodule recurrence was found after resection, even without surgical treatment of coccygeal bone prominence. Chronic stimulation on a sharply angulated sacrococcygeal joint was considered an etiologic factor in 79.4%. High pressure in the sacrococcygeal region in a relaxed sitting position on a hard school chair was shown in one of our cases and healthy children. This nodular lesion appears to represent a fibrous lesion related to chronic stimulation at school age. We propose a new name

for this nodule, juvenile coccygeal fibrosis, based on the pathological presentation and age predilection.”
“Couples with recurrent miscarriage (RM) and men with poor semen quality may undergo genetic testing as part of the diagnostic work-up. This study explored their knowledge AG-881 datasheet selleck compound and perception of genetic testing, evaluated psychological wellbeing and identified associated variables. A prospective questionnaire study was conducted in seven clinical genetics centres and referring gynaecological departments in couples with RM or poor semen quality. Questionnaires were completed before disclosure

of genetic test results. Main outcome measures were knowledge, perceived risk, anxiety and depression. Of 439 participants, 256 were not aware genetic testing was part of the diagnostic work-up. One-third (36% RM, 33% poor semen quality) indicated they had not received information about the genetic test from their doctor. Perceived risk of receiving an abnormal genetic test result was higher than objective risk. Anxiety was highly correlated with perceived risk. Women with RM were more anxious than women in the poor semen quality group or men (P < 0.01). These couples undergoing genetic testing have a suboptimal understanding of the nature of testing, overestimate the risks of receiving an abnormal result and some show high levels of anxiety. The results of this study can be used to improve patient counselling before genetic testing. (C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pentobarbital and propofol are commonly used to sedate children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).