Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Albany, S. Derby, S. Anatum and S. Havana were common in both hosts (Table 5). LY3039478 However, these serovars shares same antigens: g complex; i; and z4,z24 of H1 antigen and 1 complex and – of H2 antigens (Table 5), implying these antigens may be important for Salmonella transmission between chicken and human. Prevalent serogroups and serovars are related to chicken lines (Table 1)[9, 10] and ages [15]. In layer, age-related prevalence was reported earlier

[15] and no Salmonella was isolated from 1-year-old layers in the present study (Table 1). Such age-associated clearance may be due to stronger antigen-specific T-cell response in older chicken [41] and not related to B-cell response [42]. Age-related serovars were also identified in Taiwan broiler chickens (Table 2). Almost all isolates were S. Choleraesuis and non-typable Salmonella (possibly monophasic S. Choleraesuis) of serogroup C1 in Chick Thiazovivin order group and S. Mons of serogroup B in NHC group (Table 2). As swine-adapted pathogen, S. Cholearesuis has

seldom reported from chicken. However, S. Choleraesuis in 1-day-old chicks may be contaminated from the hatchery, particular from eggshell membrane; in which S. Typhimurium, not S. Choleraesuis, is main serovar [43]. If highly invasive S. Choleraesuis could infect chicks and use the chicken as reservoir, it will lead to a public problem of circulating such high invasive serovar in animals. In broiler, prevalence of Salmonella differed between chicken parts (2.36% for legs and 4.25% for breasts of broiler) [19]. Further, Reverse transcriptase prevalent serovars differ between sampling sources e.g. the S. Anatum and S. Rissen in chicken meat [44] and S. Vistusertib cell line Blockley, S. Hadar and S. Bredeney in the

cecal samples (24). Several methods have been developed to differentiate clinical isolates. In this study, PFGE patterns almost matched serotypes, although S. Albany and S. Havana appeared multiple genotypes with highly similar banding patterns (Table 2). Therefore, PFGE typing is a useful tool to assist serotyping of Salmonella isolates before doing traditional serotypes [2, 27]. In contrast to PFGE type, plasmid analysis is the most convenient method for subtyping [15, 45]. In this study, plasmid variations were more diverse than genomic variations; however, S. Albany and S. Havana with highly genomic variations lacked plasmid (Table 2). These results may imply that recent evolution of Salmonella might be mainly through plasmid acquisition to introduce beneficial genes for host serovar to survival. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella can be used to monitor drug abuse in different regions (Table 2) [46] and animal sources [44, 47]. Early study reported that Salmonella from chicken, not from human, pig and cattle, was less resistance to A, C, and Sxt [47]. Nevertheless, resistance to T was frequently found in chicken isolates [48]. Since discovery of ACSSuT-resistant region in SGI of S.