coli diet imparts not only longer life span, but also increased resistance to thermal stress and juglone treatment. The longevity observed is independent of the worm Q content and Anlotinib order dietary restriction.

We provide evidence that the decreased accumulation of respiratory deficient bacteria in the worm intestine is responsible for the increased longevity observed in C. elegans. The lack of Q in particular makes the bacteria more susceptible to degradation at the worm’s pharynx. In summary, we put forward the idea that respiration is a virulence factor that has a profound effect on the ability of E. coli to colonize and harm its host. Methods C. MLN2238 cost elegans strain and growth conditions C. elegans strains are listed in Table 2. C. elegans were maintained under standard conditions at 20°C unless otherwise indicated [56]. Wild-type (N2, Bristol)

and the EU35 skn 1(zu169) mutant were acquired from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (Minneapolis, MN). The coq 3 mutants CFC1005 and CFC315 were previously described [20]. Nematode growth medium was prepared as previously described unless stated otherwise [56]. Table 2 C. elegans and E. coli strains used in this study Strain Genotype Source C. elegans     N2 wild-type CGC EU35 skn-1(zu169) IV/nT1 [unc?(n754) let?] (IV;V) CGC CFC1005 coq-3(qm188)/nT1[qIs51] [20] CFC315 coq-3(ok506)/nT1[qIs51] [20] E. coli     OP50-1   CGC GS-4997 order GD1 ubiG::Kan, zei::Tn10dTet [57] GD1:pBSK ubiG::Kan, zei::Tn10dTet:pBSK this report GD1:pAHG

ubiG::Kan, zei::Tn10dTet:ubiG [57] AN120 argE3, thi-1, str R , uncA401 [33] AN180 argE3, thi-1, str R [33] OP50-1:pFVP25.1   CGC GD1:pFVP25.1   this report AN120:pFVP25.1   this report AN180:pFVP25.1   this report Growth of E. coli Nematode diets consisted of E. coli eltoprazine strains listed in Table 2. E. coli were cultured in LB medium with the designated antibiotic and incubated overnight at 37°C with shaking at 250 rpm. E. coli cells were then harvested and seeded onto NGM plates containing the stated antibiotic. OP50-1 E. coli carrying an integrated streptomycin resistance gene (CGC) were cultured in the presence of streptomycin (250 μg/mL final concentration). GD1 E. coli, a Q-less strain harboring an insertion in the ubiG gene (ubiG::Kan, zei::Tn10dTet) [57], were cultured in the presence of kanamycin (100 μg/mL final concentration). GD1:pAHG harbors a wild-type copy of the E. coli ubiG gene on a multicopy plasmid (pAHG) [57]. pBluescript (pBSK; Fermentas) was used as an empty vector control. Both GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK cells were grown overnight in LB media containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. The ATP synthase deficient E. coli strain AN120 and the parent strain AN180 were previously described [33]. Cultures of AN120 and AN180 were grown overnight in LB medium. OP50 containing the pFVP25.1 plasmid with the GFP marker was acquired from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center. GD1, AN180 and AN120 E.