Chronic myelogenous leukemia

(CML) is a clonal bone marrow stem cell disorder with proliferation of granulocytes and their precursors. It is associated with the characteristic chromosomal translocation, the Philadelphia chromosome. Patients Ivacaftor datasheet are often asymptomatic, presenting with an elevated white blood cell count. Others may have malaise, easy bruising, enlarged spleen, increased susceptibility to infection, and anemia. The reported autopsy incidence of gross gastrointestinal (GI) involvement in leukemia ranges from 14.8 to 25%,1,2 more common in acute than chronic leukemia and situated mainly in the mucosa and submucosa.1 Except for an occasional report,3 GI involvement occurs when the leukemia is in relapse. Its presence varies according to the type of leukemia4 and has been decreasing over time due to improved chemotherapy. Gross leukemic lesions are most common in the stomach, ileum, and proximal colon1,5 and include nodules, plaques, diffuse infiltrates, polyps, and a convoluted brain-like appearance of the mucosal folds.1 Leukemia can affect different and multiple anatomical sites of the GI tract.6 In almost 3% of cases, extensive segments of the GI tract are involved.1 Because leukemic plaques involve the submucosa or muscle

coats, they RO4929097 molecular weight may be associated with ulcerations and intestinal perforation. Nodular lesions, in contrast, tend to affect the mucosa and submucosa and are associated with intussusception and intestinal obstruction. Patients with leukemic infiltrates are usually asymptomatic or have vague, non-specific complaints. They may present with abdominal pain, diarrhea,7 or GI bleeding.2 Four types of esophageal lesions are found.2 Hemorrhagic lesions range from petechiae and ecchymoses to erosions and ulcers. Leukemic infiltrates range from microscopic lesions to gross nodular infiltrates that tend to undergo necrosis with secondary infection Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) and hemorrhage. There is agranulocytic and pseudomembranous esophagitis with an eroded mucosa

covered by an adherent membrane of necrotic debris, fibrin, and bacterial colonies, usually with little associated inflammation. Finally, a fungal esophagitis, most commonly candida, occurs with diffuse mycelial growth and necrosis with little or no inflammatory reaction. It is more common in acute than chronic leukemias.8 Fungal lesions can be found throughout the GI tract and are promoted by the use of antibiotics, cytotoxic agents, corticosteroids, and the leukemic process itself. While Aspergillus most commonly affects the lung, it can occasionally cause esophagitis, as can other invasive fungal organisms such as Mucor, Histoplasma, and Cryptococcus species.9 These organisms are diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy and brushings.