“
“Animal models are making an increasing contribution to our understanding

of the psychology and brain mechanisms underlying behavioral inhibition and impulsivity. The aim here was to develop, for the first time, a mouse analog of the stop-signal reaction time task with high translational validity in order to be able to exploit this species in genetic and molecular investigations of impulsive behaviors. Cohorts of mice were trained to nose-poke to presentations of visual stimuli. Control of responding was manipulated by altering find more the onset of an auditory ‘stop-signal’ during the go response. The anticipated systematic changes in action cancellation were observed as stopping was made more difficult by placing the stop-signal closer to the execution of the action. Excitotoxic lesions of medial prefrontal cortex resulted in impaired stopping, while the clinically effective drugs methylphenidate and atomoxetine enhanced stopping abilities. The specific 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 also led to enhanced response control in this task. We conclude that stop-signal reaction time task performance can be successfully modeled in mice and is sensitive to prefrontal cortex dysfunction and drug treatments in a qualitatively similar manner to humans and previous rat models. Additionally, using this model we show novel and highly learn more discrete effects

of 5-HT2C receptor antagonism that suggest manipulation of 5-HT2C receptor function may be Ganetespib in vitro of use in correcting maladaptive impulsive behaviors and provide further evidence for dissociable contributions of serotonergic transmission to response control.”
“Objectives:

Patients requiring extracorporeal cardiorespiratory support during lung transplantation can be treated with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In a retrospective analysis, we compared the postoperative course and outcomes of patients treated using these approaches.

Methods: Between August 2008 and September 2011, 92 consecutive patients underwent lung transplantation with extracorporeal support (CPB group, n = 46; and, since February 2010, ECMO group, n = 46) at our institution. We evaluated survival, secondary organ failure, bleeding complications, and the need for blood and platelet transfusions in these 2 patient populations.

Results: Intraoperatively, the CPB group required more packed red blood cell transfusions (12 +/- 11 vs 7 +/- 9 U; P = .01) and platelet concentrates (2.5 +/- 1.6 vs 1.5 +/- 1 U; P<.01) than the ECMO group. In-hospital mortality (39% vs 13%; P – .004), the need for hemodialysis (48% vs 13%; P<.01), and new postoperative ECMO support (26% vs 4%; P<.01) were greater in the CPB group than in the ECMO group, respectively. After propensity score analysis, multivariate analysis identified retransplantation (odds ratio, 7; 95% confidence interval, 1-43; P = .