An accelerated immune reaction has been suggested as the cause of markedly rapid beta cell loss in this disease, but the precise mechanism has not been clarified. We analyzed the expression of cytotoxic

T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in CD4(+) helper T-cells in 16 patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes, 14 patients with type 1A diabetes, 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 normal control subjects. There was a significant reduction in CTLA-4 expression in CD4(+) helper T-cells from patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes (P < 0.05) compared with the other three groups. Low CTLA-4 expression was also observed in both CD4(+)CD25(high) T-cells and CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells. There was a significant selleck screening library negative correlation between the proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells and the levels of CTLA-4. Intracellular expression of CTLA-4 in CD4(+) helper T-cells was not correlated with two CTLA-4 polymorphisms. In conclusion, the expression of CTLA-4 in CD4(+) helper T-cells was low in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights

reserved.”
“Pre-eclampsia not only complicates 5 to 8% of pregnancies but also increases the risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and mortality later in life. We analyzed three different aspects of arterial function (pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and flow-mediated dilatation), in 55 nonpregnant, normotensive women (18-33 years old) according to their gestational history: 15 nulliparous, 20 with a previous normotensive, and 20 formerly pre-eclamptic

pregnancy. Former pre-eclamptic women showed a significantly higher augmentation 4-Hydroxytamoxifen concentration index and pulse wave velocity (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) and lower flow-mediated dilatation Birinapant mouse (p = 0.01) compared to control groups. In contrast, sublingual nitroglycerine elicited a comparable vasodilatory response in the three groups. The augmentation index correlated significantly with pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated dilatation (R = 0.28 and R = -0.32, respectively, P < 0.05 for both). No significant correlations were observed between augmentation index or flow-mediated dilatation with age, body mass index (BMI), brachial blood pressure, heart rate, or metabolic parameters (plasma cholesterol, glucose, insulin, or insulin resistance). Birth weight maintained a significantly inverse correlation with the augmentation index (R = -0.51, p < 0.002) but not with flow-mediated dilatation. Our findings revealed a parallel decrease in arterial distensibility and endothelium-dependent dilatation in women with a history of pre-eclampsia compared to nulliparous women and women with a previous normal pregnancy. A high augmentation index was the most consistent alteration associated with a history of pre-eclampsia. The study supports the current view that the generalized arterial dysfunction associated with pre-eclampsia persists subclinically after delivery.