A usual view is that both model-based and model-free reinforcement learning methods operate online concurrently, so that the continuous mixture of model-based and model-free action values drives behavior 34 and 56]. In the present view, however, task set creation occurs at specific time points when the actor task set that adjusts through reinforcement learning is inferred as becoming unreliable (and the alternative monitored task sets remain unreliable). Following its creation, the new actor task set is subsequently adjusted through reinforcement learning, so that the task sets driving behavior

derives from intermittent, offline model-based creation that PFT�� progressively and increasingly incorporates online model-free learning. Both views account for empirical data check details suggesting that adaptive behavior forms a mixture of model-based and model-free adaptive processes [55]. The two views however differ in the way the two adaptive processes are combined over time. Disentangling these two theoretical views and understanding how the

brain builds new task sets from those stored in long-term memory thus appear as central issues for future research. Nothing declared. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest Supported by a European Research Council Grant to E.K. (ERC-2009-AdG #250106). “
“Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 1:107–112 This review comes from a themed issue on Cognitive neuroscience Edited by Angela Yu and Howard

Eichenbaum http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.10.008 2352-1546/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All right reserved. Reading is the means by which the world does a large part of its work. The printed page is a contrivance used for hours daily by tens of millions of people. The slightest improvement either in the page or in the method of reading means the rendering of a great service to the human race.” – Huey (1908, p. 421 [1]) Surveying more than a century of reading research it becomes abundantly clear GPX6 that in addition to the real-world importance of studying reading, which Huey so poignantly expressed in the above quote, the study of reading also generated key insights about the nature of perceptual and cognitive processes. Not unlike the use of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of genetics, reading offers cognitive neuroscience an ideal task environment. In particular, the use of eye-tracking methodology in reading research has proven to be essential in producing a trace measure for exploring the wide array of oculomotor, perceptual, lexical, linguistic, and cognitive processes that underlie reading performance 2 and 3].