9/4.15 68.0/5.5

1/0% +4.1 42 Biogenesis of cellular components 42.27 Extracellular/secretion protein 432 OmpW family outer memb. prot. precursor 151 Q3BP00_XANC5 X. c. pv. vesicatoria XAC3664 23.8/4.97 17.0/6.1 5/13% +2.2 a Gene accession number in X. axonopodis pv. citri genome of the identified protein. b Fold change in biofilm compared to planktonic cultures. * Protein spots 55 and 38 were previously identified https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html as “outer membrane active sucrose transporter” and “ferric enterobactin receptor” are now classified as TonB-dependent receptor, while protein spots 526 and 555 were previously identified as “carbohydrate selective porin” and is now classified as Regulator of pathogenecity factors. Functional characterization of differentially regulated X. a. pv. citri biofilm

proteins The identified differentially expressed proteins were used to determine enriched GO categories in biological processes, molecular function and cellular localization. The main enriched categories for the up- and down-regulated proteins with an average fold change of minimum ±1.5 are represented graphically (Figure 3). The major biological processes and cellular localization categories that changed learn more in the X. a. pv. citri biofilms are ‘transporter activity’ and ‘external encapsulating structure’, respectively. The categories that showed enrichment in the up-regulated proteins include ‘catabolic process’, ‘external encapsulating structure’, ‘receptor activity’ and ‘transporter activity’; while most of the down-regulated proteins were in the categories of ‘biosynthetic process’, ‘nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘catabolic process’ and ‘generation of precursor metabolites and energy’. Figure 3 Gene ontology (GO) terms enriched in the identified up-and down-regulated proteins in X . a . pv . citri biofilms compared to planktonic cultures. Proteins were considered differentially

expressed in X. a. pv. citri Avelestat (AZD9668) biofilms when variation was a minimum of 1.5-fold (p < 0.05). The GO enrichment analysis was performed using Blast2GO. It is noteworthy that among the identified proteins, some have previously been shown to be involved in biofilm formation or regulation in other pathogenic bacteria. These include a the non-fimbrial adhesin, YapH [26], the FadL porin [27], citrate synthase [28], UDP-glucose dehydrogenase [19], the molecular chaperone DnaK [29–31], the elongation factor Ef-Tu [29, 32], the polynucleotide phosphorylase [33] and a TonB-dependent receptor protein [19] (Table 2). These findings further validate our experimental results. Table 2 Differentially expressed proteins detected previously in biofilms Protein Species Reference Non-fimbrial adhesion, YapH X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli 26 Outer membrane protein, FadL P. fluorescens 27 Citrate synthase B. cenocepacia 28 UDP-glucose dehydrogenase X. axonopodis pv. citri 19 Molecular chaperone DnaK S. pneumoniae, S. mutants, P.