60–38.80 PSU). This water mass is of Atlantic origin, is characterized by maximum oxygen contents of > 5.2 ml l−1 (Said & Eid Belnacasan in vitro 1994a) and occupies the 50–150 m layer. Below this layer, the Levantine intermediate water mass (LIW) of temperature < 16°C and maximum of salinity (38.90–39.10 PSU) is clearly identified. This water mass is formed in some regions of the eastern Mediterranean, from where it spreads. Regions of LIW formation in the eastern Mediterranean have been extensively discussed and are more or less identified

by Wüst, 1961, Morcos, 1972, Ozturgut, 1976, Özsoy et al., 1981, Ovchinnikov, 1984, Sukhovey and Said, 1985, Said, 1985, Abdel-Moati and Said, 1987 and Said and Karam, 1990. In the present study, long-term comparisons of water temperature and salinity for the Mediterranean surface waters and the Atlantic waters along the Egyptian Coast are shown in Figure 10 and Figure

11. The seasonal cycle of the local temperature differs markedly from that of the salinity. For the Mediterranean surface waters, the annual average of temperature and salinity (Figure 10) fluctuated between 23.51 and 27.71°C and 38.81 and 39.21 PSU, respectively, with a general trend of increasing temperature and decreasing salinity throughout the study period. During the last 25 years (1983–2008), the decadal temperature and salinity trends reached 0.85°C dec−1 and 0.073 PSU dec−1 respectively. For Atlantic waters, the annual average temperature was between 16.72 and 20°C, giving a temperature trend of 0.28°C dec−1 for the last 25 years. In the meantime, the annual average Metalloexopeptidase salinity of AW varied between 38.64 and 38.788 PSU, Afatinib cost indicating a salinity trend of 0.014 PSU dec−1 for the last 25 years. This increase in temperature and salinity of AW with time is therefore confirmed

as being attributable to anthropogenic modifications, especially the damming of the River Nile, in addition to local climatic changes, as suggested earlier by Rohling and Bryden, 1992 and Bethoux et al., 1990. 1. As a result of the erection of the Aswan High Dam in 1965, the yearly fresh water discharge of the River Nile into the south-eastern Mediterranean has decreased to a remarkable extent. The annual cycle of the discharge has also changed. At present, the discharge is only through the Rosetta Branch of the Nile Delta, and the maximum discharge is recorded in winter months. Such a change in both the total amount and pattern of freshwater discharge has obviously affected the characteristics of the coastal waters off the Nile Delta. “
“Coastal dunes, shoreline and nearshore bars constitute one large-scale interactive morphological system. The relationship between the bars and the shoreline on a dissipative, multi-bar (4 bars) shore at the IBW PAN Coastal Research Station (CRS) at Lubiatowo has been analysed by Pruszak et al. (1999). This analysis shows that the multi-bar system can comprise two distinct subsystems, i.e. inner (I, II) and outer (III, IV) bars.