5) and pre-incubated at room temperature for 30 min before 1 mM GTP or ATP was added to initiate the polymerization. The polymerization reaction was carried out at room temperature for 30 min. FtsZ or MreB polymers were precipitated by centrifugation at 100 000 g for 20 min, and the pellets were suspended in 50 μL of buffer P. Both the supernatant and pellet fractions were separated by a 17.5% SDS-PAGE, followed by Coomassie blue staining. Cell morphology was observed using an Olympus BX40 microscope. YgfX contains a long hydrophobic segment at the N-terminal region from W16 to V54 (Fig. 1a). There are two

Pro residues (P33 and P35) in the middle of the hydrophobic region, and thus, this protein CHIR-99021 datasheet likely forms

a hydrophobic hair-pin structure with two transmembrane (TM) domains: TM1 from W16 to M32 and TM2 from L36 to V54. The presence of positively charged residues on either side of the putative TM segments suggests that N-terminal and C-terminal soluble domains of YgfX reside in cytosol (Fig. 1b). In order to experimentally determine the localization of YgfX, the full-size YgfX was expressed from arabinose inducible vector, pBAD24 (pBAD24-ygfX). After YgfX expression was induced by the addition of 0.2% arabinose for 2 h, the total membrane proteins were collected from the cellular lysate by ultracentrifugation. YgfX was found exclusively localized in the membrane fraction (lane 4, Fig. 2). Total membrane proteins were further separated into the inner and outer membrane fractions based on the solubility in 1% N-lauroylsarcosine Cyclopamine (Hobb et al., 2009). As predicted, YgfX was shown to be localized in the inner membrane (lane 6, Fig. 2). Intriguingly, the overexpression of YgfX caused growth arrest starting at 5 h postinduction (Fig. 3a). The growth arrest was accompanied by morphological change (Fig. 3b). After 1-h induction of YgfX expression from pBAD24-ygfX, some cells started to elongate. clonidine After 5 h, elongated cells were divided into smaller cells and simultaneously, cells became inflated in the middle or at the

poles of cells. After overnight induction, cells became lemon shaped. We then examined whether YgfY can neutralize the toxicity caused by YgfX. First, the coding sequences of both ygfY and ygfX were cloned together in pBAD24. This construct did not show any growth inhibition at least for 48 h. The morphological change was also not observed. This result was confirmed by the expression of YgfX and YgfY separately from two independent plasmids. For this purpose, YgfY was cloned in a derivative of pCold vector (pCold-Km) and shown to be highly expressed (data not shown). Consistent with above experiments, cells expressing both YgfY and YgfX did not show any growth defect and alteration in morphology at least for 18 h, confirming that YgfY functions as an antitoxin for YgfX.