For example, in the central TP, the dominant sandy soil would allow infiltrated water drain quickly down to the deep soil; whereas the dominant loam soil in the eastern periphery of the TP could hold more water for soil

and vegetation evapotranspiration while desert basins in the northwest would have lower evapotranspiration than forest covered southeastern basins (FAO, 2008). There have been limited studies on the TP about hydrological processes and water balance as most studies have focused on the streamflow climatology and its relation to precipitation and temperature changes. The mechanisms for streamflow changes could be studied through complementary approaches such as modeling and analyses of field observations including hydrometeorological observations and environmental tracer collections. Hydrometeorological observations can reveal the state and fluxes buy Cabozantinib of hydrometeorological elements such as precipitation and temperature. Environmental tracers such as isotopes and chemicals can be used to separate streamflow into surface, subsurface and baseflow components, and describe the sources of each component (Asano et al., 2002, Michel, 2004, Vache and McDonnell, 2006 and Zhang et al., 2009). Unlike the observations that are often collected over points or small-scale basins, physically based hydrological models that are vigorously evaluated can be set up for small or large domains and can be used to study

hydrological processes and water balance at various spatial and temporal scales. In other words, hydrological modeling can reveal historical trends and can project future trends of hydrological variables for larger river basins given reasonable forcings (e.g., Silmitasertib Cuo et al., 2013a). Although there are quite a few studies that used isotopes to examine streamflow components on the TP (Nie et al., 2005, Liu et al., 2008, Pu et al., 2013 and Meng and Liu, 2013), very few, for example, Nie et al. (2005), used multiple environmental tracers including stable isotopes and chemical

tracers combined with hydrometeorological observations Nutlin-3 chemical structure such as precipitation, streamflow and groundwater measurements to investigate the sources, components and traveling paths of the components of streamflow on the TP. Sources, components and their paths for most rivers of large or small scales are still unknown on the TP. Modeling the cryospheric processes from coherent mass and energy perspectives is another important aspect of TP hydrological research. A majority of cryospheric modeling studies on the TP focused on the specific aspects of water and energy balances for frozen soil and glacier (Fujita and Ageta, 2000, Zhang et al., 2004a, Zhang et al., 2004b, Zhang et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2010, Guo et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2013a and Molg et al., 2013); while a few other studies looked at the integrated hydrological processes and water and energy balances for the entire basins (Yang et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2012b, Zhang et al.

The major underlying gene defect(s) of FPC has not yet been identified, but causative BRCA2, PALB2, CDKN2a, and ATM germline mutations were identified in about 10% to 15% of the FPC families [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9]. It has been

recommended by a recent consensus conference that individuals at risk (IAR) of FPC families should undergo PC screening under research protocol conditions  [3]. Individuals with at least a 5- to 10-fold BGB324 increased risk of PC, such as members of FPC families with two or more affected first-degree relatives, are considered to be candidates for screening. Most experts currently consider magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasonography to be the best imaging modalities for FPC screening [4]. Unfortunately, these imaging tools are not able to reliably visualize early PC or, even more important, its high-grade precursor lesions, i.e., pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (PanIN3). Thus, there is a definite need for biomarkers to facilitate BMN 673 mouse screening of IAR in the setting of FPC to identify those individuals with high-grade PanINs before the development of invasive carcinoma that could allow for a curative resection. Familial as well as sporadic PCs are characterized by a progression from low-grade

PanINs (PanIN1) over carcinoma in situ (PanIN3) to invasive cancer. The majority of pancreatic specimens of resected FPC individuals reveal multifocal PanIN disease in addition to small intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)

of branch duct/gastric type [10], [11], [12] and [13]. Branch-duct IPMNs might find more be a surrogate marker for the presence of high-grade PanIN lesions in other locations of the gland in the FPC setting [14]. The stepwise progression from PanIN to invasive PC comprises activating mutations of the Kras oncogene and inactivation of the ARF-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in the great majority of cases  [15]. Nowadays, genetically engineered mouse models of PC that closely recapitulate the histopathogenesis and progression of the human disease are available. These include the LSL-KrasG12D/+;Pdx1-Cre (KC) mice that progress up to PanIN3 lesions and the LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+;Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice that develop PanIN lesions and ultimately invasive carcinoma at 5 to 10 months [16], [17] and [18]. These mouse models are considered an adequate tool for the study of biomarkers [16] and [17], especially given the lack of FPC patients with preoperative, well-defined high-grade PanIN lesions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding molecules, which have an important function in regulating RNA stability and gene expression. The deregulation of miRNAs has been linked to cancer development and tumor progression [19].

In order to ensure Yemen׳s commitment, the fisheries act is supposed to make the necessary amendments in the fisheries

governing laws to meet these emerging fisheries policies. It is necessary that the fisheries law be broadly based on the precautionary approach, Alectinib solubility dmso particularly in the case of least developed countries such as Yemen where the status of most fish stocks is unknown and funds for research are lacking. During the last two decades, aquaculture development, though stressed in policy, did not make any progress and the lack of aquaculture legislative framework has been one of the major obstacles to aquaculture development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate these obstacles and make the necessary legislative and regulatory reforms to address these issues. Enforcement of

regulations by the enforcement authorities is weak, which results in fishermen having a low compliance with regulations. Compliance and enforcement tools prescribed by the law include instruments for both artisanal and industrial fisheries. In the artisanal sector, monitoring is restricted to random dockside inspection and routine inspection at landing sites, although inspection is not strictly enforced. On-land enforcement tools include on-land observers and quality observers. The tasks allocated to the on-land observers include reporting of illegal fishing gear, reporting of unlicensed fishing boats, illegal fishing during the closed seasons,

capture of illegal species or sizes, unloading at unofficial landing sites, reporting of illegal means of transporting fish, and reporting of any violations Veliparib supplier to the laws and regulations of the fishery. Compliance and enforcement tools within the industrial fisheries include the requirement of the coastal and industrial boats to take onboard 2–4 observers, the use of Etofibrate Vessel Monitoring System, the real-time reporting of catches at sea, and the unloading of fish should be at specified ports in Yemen. Coastal and industrial boats are required to keep logbooks, in the format specified by the MFW, to record the catch in terms of species and quantity, the coordinates of each of the fishing locations, and the depths and times spent fishing. However, logbooks are not used with the artisanal boats, even though the law entitles the MFW to ask artisanal boats larger than 15 m to keep logbooks to record the specifications of the catch. Enforcement incentives provided for in the law are generally low and lack publicity. The law has specified a reward, 10% of the reported infringement, for any person detected and reported any violations to the laws and regulations of the fishery. However, reporting of violations still occurs infrequently, in part due to the lack of publicity of these rewards and a lack of trust in competent authorities. The penalties are sometimes not severe enough to ensure compliance with and enforcement of regulations.

Grain filling

was thereby affected and 100-kernel weight was reduced, in particular under the CK treatment. It was concluded from the results of the four-year experiment that there were no significant differences between different subsoiling depth treatments with respect to dry biomass, yield, or yield components. However, significant differences were observed in 2012, when dry biomass and yield for subsoil tillage to 50 cm were increased by 8.6% and 8.8% respectively, compared with subsoil tillage to 30 cm. As with grain yield and biomass, the year also affected N, P, and K accumulations, and there was significant interaction selleck chemicals llc between year and subsoil tillage treatment (Table 2). Drought inhibited the accumulation of N, P, and K in plants, resulting in lower uptake by plants in 2009. In 2010, the nutrients in soil moved down with heavy rainfall in July and August, leading to reduced N and K absorption by the plant. With respect to nutrient distribution, the increased N and P accumulation under T1 and T2 treatments were dominated by grain (Table 3). Compared to CK, N accumulation in kernels under subsoiling treatments increased by 11.4–29.1% with an average of 16.9%, whereas P accumulation in the grains increased by an average of 10.7%, ranging from 2.0 to 31.9%. Interestingly, there was only a slight difference in K accumulation among the www.selleckchem.com/HSP-90.html three treatments.

Although K accumulations in straw in 2010, 2011, and 2012 under subsoil tillage (T1 and T2) were higher

than those in CK, there was no significant difference in the grain among the three treatments. N, P, and K accumulations of the maize plant under T1 and T2 treatments were both significantly higher than those under CK treatment in 2010, 2011, and 2012 except for the P accumulation in 2012 (P < 0.05), which increased by 9.9–22.1%, 1.7–20.5%, and 2.1–25.5%, respectively. The N, P, and K accumulations under subsoil tillage up to 50 cm increased by 2.7-2.8%, Gefitinib molecular weight 5.0-8.3%, and 1.6-5.2%, respectively, compared to nutrient accumulation under subsoiling to 30 cm, but there were no significant differences between two treatments. With respect to nutrient distribution, the N, P and K contents in the straws under subsoil tillage to 50 cm increased by 4.0%, − 1.7%, and − 0.7% respectively, compared to those under 30 cm depth; the N, P, and K content in grains under subsoil tillage 50 cm increased by − 1.7%, 0.2%, and 1.8% respectively, compared to those under 30 cm depth, but no significant differences were detected between two treatments (Table 3). The subsoil tillage had no significant effect on root morphology, especially after flowering (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). At the V12 stage, total root length, root surface area, root diameter, and root dry weight in 0–80 cm soil under subsoil tillage treatment increased by 22.9–23.9%, 13.9–17.8%, 7.4–26.

6C; Wt = 15.9 ± 3.9 N; Mecp2stop/y = 12.6 ± 2.4 N; Mecp2stop/y, CreER = 13.4 ± 2.2 N, n = 5 per genotype, p > 0.05, ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). Similar findings were obtained in the female groups ( Fig. 7). Picrosirius red staining of the femur was used to assess CT99021 collagen content (Fig. 8A) as described previously [39].

Mecp2stop/y mice showed a significant decrease (− 24%) in collagen content compared to Wt mice ( Fig. 8B; Wt = 65.1 ± 8.6%; Mecp2stop/y = 48.8 ± 9.1%; Mecp2stop/y, CreER = 55.63 ± 11.4%; n = 10 per genotype, p < 0.01, one way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test). TRAP staining was conducted to assess resorption activity (osteoclast number per bone surface), but showed no difference between genotypes (Wt = 12.61 ± 8.51; Mecp2stop/y = 17.48 ± 6.13; Mecp2stop/y, CreER = 18.90 ± 4.61; n = 5 per genotype, p > 0.05, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). Qualitative analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the

distal femur (n = 5 per genotype) revealed porous structure in cortical see more bone (3 of 5 mice) as well as alterations in the architecture of trabecular bone in Mecp2stop/y mice ( Fig. 9A–B). The central metaphyseal region in Mecp2stop/y mice showed a sparse trabecular mass consisting of short, thin trabecular rod and plate structures. In contrast, a more robust trabecular structure, with a network of shorter and thicker rods and plates was found in wild-type control tissue ( Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase Fig. 9Ai–ii). The porosity and altered trabecular structure was less evident in rescued Mecp2stop/y, CreER mice ( Fig. 9C). These features were investigated further and a quantitative manner using μCT (below). In contrast to the male mice, we did not observe overt tissues differences in heterozygous Mecp2stop/+ mice. Three dimensional μCT analysis was performed to obtain a quantitative measure of trabecular architecture in wild-type, Mecp2stop/y and Mecp2stop/y, CreER mouse lumbar 5 (L5) vertebrae (

Fig. 10A). A significant reduction of L5 trabecular thickness (~ 30%) was observed in Mecp2stop/y mouse tissues compared to the wild-type control. Interestingly Mecp2stop/y, CreER mouse L5 μCT results, showed a significant increase (+ 80%, p < 0.01) in trabecular rod and plates thickness compared to Mecp2stop/y mice ( Fig. 10B–E; Wt = 0.073 ± 0.01 mm; Mecp2stop/y = 0.051 ± 0.02 mm; Mecp2stop/y, CreER = 0.09 ± 0.02 mm; n = 7 per genotype; p < 0.01, ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). No significant differences were observed in trabecular separation, trabecular bone volume, trabecular porosity, bone mineral density (BMD), degree of anisotropy (DA) and structure model index (SMI) between genotypes ( Table 2). μCT analysis of tibia showed a significant difference in cortical bone thickness, outer perimeter length, inner perimeter length, marrow area, total area and bone volume in Mecp2stop/y mouse compared to wild-type controls (p < 0.05, n = 7 per genotype, ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test).

931) (see  Fig. 3). This study is, to our knowledge, the first to use the combination of selective stimulation of nociceptive afferents, balanced psychometric tasks assessing different aspects of pain perception, and single-pulse TMS over multiple cortical areas. We applied single-pulse TMS to cortical areas S1 or S2, or a non-active control site, shortly after laser stimulation. Participants judged the stimulus intensity or location. Our results showed that

TMS over S2 disrupted Lapatinib perception of pain intensity, but not of pain location. TMS reduced sensitivity to stimulation intensity, without producing any systematic bias in perceived pain levels. These results are consistent with TMS over S2 disrupting the information-processing that underlies the perception of pain intensity. TMS over S1 had no significant effects on perception of either pain intensity or pain location. We conclude that Selleckchem Rapamycin S2 causally contributes to the ability to discriminate the intensity of a painful stimulus. Several previous studies had suggested that S2 might code pain intensity (e.g., Bornhövd et al., 2002; Coghill et al., 1999; Frot et al., 2007; Iannetti et al., 2005; Timmermann et al., 2001; Valmunen et al., 2009). Our finding provides clear causal evidence for a role of S2 in the ability to discriminate the intensity of a painful stimulus using nociceptive-selective stimulation and a well-characterised

psychometric task. Further, signal-detection analyses showed that TMS over S2 affected judgements of pain intensity by abolishing perceptual sensitivity to stimulus intensity, and not by simply masking pain, or shifting pain levels up or down. Participants’ sensitivity to actual stimulus intensity was reduced i.e.,

the precision of their pain perception. There was no significant bias in pain judgement, either analgesic or hyperalgesic. Our finding confirms previous observations from Valmunen Acetophenone et al. (2009) who reported that rTMS over S2 affected heat pain judgements. Specifically, they found that S2 stimulation both impaired judgements of pain intensity, and reduced perceived pain intensity. We replicated the reduced sensitivity, but not the hypoalgesic bias. Our results also extend their finding, in two ways. First, our result conclusively links S2 to nociceptive processing. Valmunen et al. delivered contact-heat somatosensory stimuli, which inevitably coactivate nociceptive and tactile systems. Given that nociceptive and tactile codes interact at several levels in the nervous system (Melzack and Wall, 1965), the methods used by Valmunen et al. cannot exclude the possibility of indirect effects on pain, as a result of interactions with touch. In contrast, the nociceptive stimulation used in the present study was entirely specific. Second, we show that a single-pulse TMS applied to coincide with the onset of the LEP component is able to disrupt pain coding.

Cell numbers were determined by the trypan blue (Gibco) dye exclusion method and they were reported by considering the number HKI272 of expanded cells cultivated in the differentiation stage. (i) In order to assess the degree of megakaryocytic differentiation, CD41 (Mk lineage cells) expression was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD) using an anti-CD41 antibody (Biolegend). CD34 and CD33 expression was also determined using appropriate antibodies and isotype controls. (ii) Mk ploidy was determined by double-staining technique with flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD) and using CellQuest Pro software (BD) by choosing CD41+ events as a respected gate

[13]. Briefly, the cell cultures incubated 15 min with anti-CD41 antigen (Biolegend) and then fixed by 70% cold ethanol (4 °C). Cells were re-suspended in a staining solution

containing propidium iodide (50 μg/mL; Sigma), sodium citrate (4 mM; Sigma), RNase A (0.1 mg/mL; Sigma), Triton X-100 (0.1%; Sigma) in pH 7.8 1 h before performing the flow cytometry. (i) For scanning electron microscopy imaging, cell population were first fixed in a solution of glutaraldehyde (Sigma) 1.5% (v/v) in PBS (Gibco), then post-fixed in a solution of osmium tetroxide (0.05%; Sigma) cAMP inhibitor in PBS (Gibco); both for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then dehydrated by gradually increase of ethanol (Sigma) concentration (50%, 75% and 100% in distilled water). Finally, cell populations were coated with gold and observed using scan electron microscope (Hitachi S2400). (ii) In order to observe internal structure of Mks by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), culture-derived cells were fixed in a solution containing 2% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) and 2.5% glutaraldehyde

(Sigma) in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate Florfenicol buffer (Sigma) (pH 7.4) for 1 h at room temperature (22 °C). After rinsing with cacodylate buffer (Sigma), cells were post-fixed with a 1% osmium tetroxide (Sigma) in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (Sigma) for 1 h at room temperature. Cells were then fixed with uranyl acetate (Sigma) (0.5%) in citrate–acetate acid buffer (pH: 5–6) and dehydrated by graduate increasing ethanol (Sigma) concentration (50%, 75% and 100% in distilled water). Finally, cell populations were embedded in Epon (Sigma), cut and Mks ultrastructure observed with TEM apparatus (Hitachi 8100). Results are presented as a mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Results were statistically analyzed using two-sided non-paired Student’s t-test by Microsoft Excel and considered significant when p < 0.05. CD34+-enriched cells from UCB were expanded using a previously optimized protocol [12] and differentiated toward Mk lineage using a simple protocol containing only two cytokines (TPO and IL-3). Expanded cells were also differentiated, as a control, using the same protocol but without any supplemented cytokines.

There is, however, a critical trade-off

between selleck analytic tractability and realistic complexity, implying that sufficiently detailed biological models will often be too complicated for deriving an optimal HCR analytically. In such cases, it is necessary to sacrifice analytical rigor for biological realism and use numerical analyses instead. When setting up an HCR, policy-makers can express their resource-management objectives by emphasizing quantitative goals, which different scientific disciplines can then jointly help to assess. HCRs are readily based on such an approach, and accordingly offer various advantages for modern fisheries management, including (i) a reduced need for annual negotiations on how to set harvest quotas, (ii) the integration of interdisciplinary research into policy-making, and (iii) the strengthening of a constructive dialogue between policy-makers, stakeholders, and the scientific Ruxolitinib mw community. Harvest policies formulated through HCRs therefore represent

an ideal platform for policy makers and scientists on which to interact. Positive practical experiences with the HCR framework have been highlighted in recent reviews [28], [29] and [30]. The approach here is to use a detailed bio-economic model for the NEA cod fishery to evaluate the current HCR and to inform policy-makers about how this HCR performs compared to alternative HCRs that are optimized for different objectives. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the strengths and weaknesses associated with HCRs devised to meet the different objectives. In doing so, this study aims to examine how these alternate HCRs for the management of NEA cod perform in comparison with the currently implemented HCR. Kovalev and Bogstad in 2005 [12] addressed the performance of the current HCR, however, their model is purely biological and thus does not include economic objectives. While their biological model operates at the population level, ours is individual-based.

This allows us to incorporate more biological detail and realistic complexity than other biological models used in previous bio-economic studies. This level of realism is needed: to evaluate the selleck screening library merits of any HCR, the used biological model must match the observational data it represents sufficiently well, if inferences for future fishing pressures are to be trusted. Analogous considerations apply to the used economic model. The bio-economic model presented below is the most detailed such model developed for NEA cod, and the first applied to evaluating HCRs. The bio-economic model considered here consists of two sub-models linked through an annual feedback loop (Fig. 3). The biological sub-model describes biological details such as processes of growth and maturation specific to NEA cod, while the economic sub-model describes economic details such as costs and harvest functions.

g. a specific incongruence of functional elements such as agreement or tense markers), while in the latter, violations arise in virtue of one token being incompatible in its inherent meaning with surrounding tokens. In addition, semantic anomalies may be less categorical in that, unless they are deeply implausible, they are less likely to be classified as outright violations (Coulson et al., 1998a). Accordingly, it appears reasonable that LDK378 order P600 effects are

somewhat more likely to occur in response to (morpho-)syntactic as opposed to semantic violations (but see Section 1.2 for a discussion of P600 effects elicited by semantic incongruities). In testing a critical entailment

of the P600-as-LC/NE-P3 theory, we found that the late positivity following morphosyntactic violations behaved like a P3 in being response-aligned. Even though subjects successfully processed semantic content and syntactic structure, no distinct, stimulus-locked late positivity was observed. This result is predicted by all accounts which subscribe to the P600-as-P3 assumption, but requires additional post hoc assumptions for typical interpretations of the P600 as a distinct component reflecting the analysis, reanalysis or repair of linguistic input. While these results do not prove the P600-as-P3 hypothesis, they confirm a necessary entailment PCI-32765 mw of this theory (particularly of the stronger, else P600-as-LC/NE-P3 hypothesis), and any other finding would have strongly supported the hypothesis of a distinct P600 component. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the feasibility of single-trial analysis techniques informed by immediate behavioural responses during stimulus presentation. Our findings show that single-trial analyses of sentence processing

data can be used to inform models of the neurobiology of language. Lastly, we would like to reiterate a point previously made by Coulson et al. (1998a). Understanding the P600 as a type of P3 (i.e. as being traceable to the same underlying neurobiological system) does not automatically devalue it as a tool for the investigation of the neural substrates of language processing. If our interpretation of the late positivity in sentence processing experiments as an LC/NE-P3 is correct, this component marks a point in time where a linguistic entity has achieved subjective significance and some form of adaption process is underway. Its amplitude marks the degree to and reliability with which this stimulus class is significant. It thereby provides a gradient (though indirect, relative) measure for the time course of certain processes.

Biological monitoring guidance values specifically derived for chemical incidents are preferable but are currently lacking. These guidance values may, in future be derived from Acute Exposure Reference Values. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Transparency Document. This publication and the PD-0332991 supplier work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. “
“Di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), CAS No. 53,306-54-0, a REACH

(Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) registered high molecular weight phthalate, is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinylchloride and vinyl chloride copolymers for technical applications. DPHP, which is marketed under, e.g., the trade name “Palatinol® 10-P”, is produced by esterification of phthalic anhydride with a C10 alcohol consisting of 90% 2-propyl-heptanol and 10% 2-propyl-4-methylhexanol or Wortmannin cost 2-propyl-5-methylhexanol. There are currently two different C10 phthalates on the market. DPHP and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) as described with the CAS No. 68,515-49-1: 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C9-11-branched alkyl esters, C10-rich. Another DIDP described

by CAS No. 26,761-40-0 is no longer produced in Europe and is not REACH registered. Furthermore, there are two C9 phthalates (di-isononyl phthalates, DINPs) on the market: DINP1 (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkyl esters, C9-rich, described with CAS No. 68,515-48-0 and DINP2 (di-isononyl phthalate) with CAS No. 28,553-12-0. While DINP2 solely consists of C9 isomers DINP1 contains up to 10% C10 isomers. Thus, the broad isomer distribution of DINP1 (including C10 moieties) can also interfere with the analytical detection of both DIDP and DPHP. The lack of sufficient analytical separation of DINP and DIDP

resulted in a group-TDI by EFSA (EFSA, Niclosamide 2005) for food contact applications (Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011). The phthalates DINP, DPHP and DIDP are currently used as substitutes for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) which is listed under REACH as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Based on their low volatility and low vapor pressure, the C10 phthalates DPHP and DIDP are predominantly used in high temperature-resistant products such as electrical cables, carpet backing and car interiors, but they are also used for outdoor applications like roofing membranes or tarpaulins (European Commission, 2003, NICNAS, 2003 and NICNAS, 2008). DPHP is currently not used in food contact.