, 2001). The remaining error rate could then be accounted for by the stochastic nature Crenolanib and

inherent noise of guidance cue binding as considered in the stochastic version of our model, and discussed in more detail in Mortimer et al. (2009). A particularly intriguing aspect of the model is that it provides a mechanism for integrating information from multiple attractive and repulsive cues. It is known that receptors for guidance cues can interact to determine growth cone responses (Stein and Tessier-Lavigne, 2001). However, alternatively (or in addition) guidance cues could interact via their effect on the calcium signaling pathway we have modeled. For instance, the application of repulsive guidance cues, MK-2206 solubility dmso which individually produce only small calcium influxes, could together produce large influxes, potentially

cancelling the repulsion, or even switching it to attraction. This possibility remains to be explored. The mathematical model of the signaling pathway shown in Figure 1A is adapted from that of Graupner and Brunel (2007), originally proposed for the switch between LTP and LTD. We extended the model to two compartments in order to provide a “distribution” of inputs and outputs over the growth cone. This allows the determination of whether each combination of calcium, cAMP, and spatially nonuniform calcium influx results in attraction or repulsion. For details see Supplemental Experimental Procedures. All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Animal

Ethics Committee of the University of Queensland. SCGs were isolated by microdissection from postnatal day 1–3 Wistar rat pups as per Higgins et al. (1991). The SCGs were then cut into thirds, Diflunisal incubated in 0.25% trypsin (GIBCO, Melbourne, Australia) at 37°C for 15 min and then triturated through flamed-polished Pasteur pipettes for 10 min to dissociate individual cells. The cells were plated in Opti-MEM solution (GIBCO) containing 10 μg/ml natural mouse laminin (Invitrogen, Melbourne, Australia) and 0.5 nM NGF (2.5S mouse NGF; Biosensis, Thebarton, Australia) and incubated overnight at 37°C on 35 mm Petri dishes. Growth cone turning assays were carried out at 37°C on a heated microscope stage (Fryer Co., Huntley, IL). Growth cones with a straight trailing axon of more than 20 μm were selected for the assay. Steep gradients of 10%–15% change in concentration across 10 μm were generated using the pulsatile ejection method previously reported by Lohof et al. (1992) (see also Pujic et al., 2008). Forty kilodaltons dextran labeled with fluorescent tetramethylrhodamine (Molecular Probes Inc., Melbourne, Australia) was added to the pipette solution to monitor the chemical gradient produced. KT5720 (Alexis Biochemicals, San Diego, CA) or Sp-cAMPs (BioLog, Bremen, Germany) were added to the prewarmed assay medium when appropriate.