0), and 100 μl of phenol/CH3Cl (1:1, v/v). After precipitation in ethanol, the pellet was washed with 75 % (v/v) ethanol and re-suspended in 5 μl of H2O, and then click here electrophoresed on a 6 % (w/v) polyacrylamide/urea gel. Nikkomycin bioassay Nikkomycins produced by S. ansochromogenes 7100 were measured by a disk agar diffusion method using A. longipes as indicator strain. Nikkomycins in culture filtrates were identified by HPLC analysis. For HPLC analysis, Agilent 1100 HPLC and RP C-18 were used. The detection wavelength was 290 nm. Chemical reagent, mobile phase and gradient elution process were referenced as described by Fiedler [38]. Microscopy

The experiments of scanning electron microscopy were performed exactly as described

previously [23]. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Prof. Keith Chater (John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK) for providing E. coli ET12567 (pUZ8002) and plasmids (pKC1139 and pSET152). We would like to thank Dr. Brenda Leskiw (University of Alberta, Canada) for the gift of apramycin. We thank Dr. Wenbo Ma (Assistant Professor in University of California at Riverside, CA) for critical reading and revising MCC950 clinical trial of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31030003 and 30970072) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2009CB118905). References 1. Hopwood DA: Forty years of genetics with Streptomyces : from in vivo through in vitro to in silico . Microbiology 1999, 145:2183–2202.PubMed 2. Chater KF: Streptomyces inside-out: a new perspective on the bacteria that provide us with antibiotics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006, 361:761–768.PubMedCrossRef 3. Arias P, Fernandez-Moreno MA, Malpartida

F: Characterization of the pathway-specific positive transcriptional regulator for actinorhodin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) as a DNA-binding protein. J Bacteriol 1999, 181:6958–6968.PubMed 4. Lee J, Hwang Y, Kim S, Kim E, Choi C: Effect of a global regulatory gene, afsR2 , from Streptomyces lividans on avermectin production in Streptomyces avermitilis . J VAV2 Biosci Bioeng 2000, 89:606–608.PubMedCrossRef 5. KPT-8602 clinical trial Horinouchi S: Mining and polishing of the treasure trove in the bacterial genus Streptomyces . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007, 71:283–299.PubMedCrossRef 6. Kato J, Chi WJ, Ohnishi Y, Hong SK, Horinouchi S: Transcriptional control by A-factor of two trypsin genes in Streptomyces griseus . J Bacteriol 2005, 187:286–295.PubMedCrossRef 7. Kato J, Suzuki A, Yamazaki H, Ohnishi Y, Horinouchi S: Control by A-factor of a metalloendopeptidase gene involved in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces griseus . J Bacteriol 2002, 184:6016–6025.PubMedCrossRef 8. Ohnishi Y, Kameyama S, Onaka H, Horinouchi S: The A-factor regulatory cascade leading to streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus : identification of a target gene of the A-factor receptor.