For NPIP the low level of erythorbic acid of 250 mg kg−1 though seems to provide the full inhibitory effect. This is indicated by the approximate 60% reduction in the NPIP levels observed for sausages prepared with 1000 mg kg−1 erythorbic acid compared to no erythorbic acid in the setup

four (Fig. 5C1). No significant effects were induced by increasing the fat content from 12% to 25%, though a slight increase in the levels of NDMA and NPYR, as well as a decrease in the levels of NSAR and NMTCA, was indicated. The slightly higher levels of NDMA and NPYR are in agreement with the results of e.g. Mottram et al. Roxadustat solubility dmso (1977) who found that NDMA and NPYR formation was primarily occurring in the lipid phase of bacon. Several mechanism for this preferential formation in the lipid phase has been presented; higher temperature during frying than in the lean part with a higher water content, a different chemical environment favouring CH5424802 order nitrosation (Mottram et al., 1977) which could give a higher solubility of both nitrogen oxide (NO) and oxygen in the lipid phase (Liu, Miller, Joshi, Thomas, & Lancaster, 1998) resulting in higher levels of nitrifying species as e.g. N2O2. The level of NPIP increased from approximately 0.1 to 0.4 μg kg−1

when increasing the amount of black pepper from 1.25 to 5.0 g kg−1 sausage meat (Fig. 3C1). Though, the effect was not significant. However if applying the same analysis and data treatment to the same type of sausages stored for additionally four days at 5 °C before freezing, the level of NPIP was significantly higher in the sausages with the high amount of black pepper than in the sausages with the low amount (data not shown). Besides the higher level of NPIP only minor differences in the NA levels were observed for the sausages stored for 24 h and those stored for 5 days at 5 °C. Thalidomide When preparing the sausages with 5.0 g of black pepper per kg

sausage meat and without any antioxidants the levels of NPIP were in the order of 2.0 (setup one) to 2.7 μg kg−1 (setup four). The present study supports, that NPIP in processed meat products originates or partly originates from the use of black pepper. Yurchenko and Mölder (2007) also suggested that black pepper may be the main source of NPIP. The level of NMTCA was also significantly increased by an increase in the amount of black pepper (Fig. 3E1). A pepper induced increase was also indicated for NTCA (Fig. 3D1). NTCA (Ratner & Clarke, 1937) and NMTCA are formed by the condensation of formaldehyde or acetaldehyde with cysteine followed by nitrosation. The formation of these two NA may therefore be limited by the availability of the aldehydes, cysteine or the actual precursors, i.e. thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (TCA) and 2-methylthiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (MTCA).