Rab11 GTPase and its binding protein, FIP5, are important regulators of polarized endocytic transport. In this study, we identify sorting nexin 18 as a novel FIP5-interacting protein and characterize the role of FIP5 and SNX18 in epithelial lumen morphogenesis. We show that FIP5 mediates the transport of apical proteins from apical endosomes to the apical plasma membrane and, along with SNX18, is required for the early stages of apical lumen formation. Furthermore, both proteins

bind lipids, and Bucladesine purchase FIP5 promotes the capacity of SNX18 to tubulate membranes, which implies a role for FIP5 and SNX18 in endocytic carrier formation and/or scission. In summary, the present findings support the hypothesis that this FIP5-SNX18 complex plays a pivotal role in the polarized transport of apical proteins during apical lumen initiation in epithelial

cells.”
“Aims: Previous studies have shown that sphingosine 1-phosphate (SIP) stimulates glutamate release from hippocampal neurons. The present study was designed to understand the mechanism LY2835219 cost underlying S1P-induced spontaneous glutamate release from mossy fiber terminals in the hippocampus.\n\nMain methods: Slice patches were made from three different regions of neurons in rat hippocampal slices, and spontaneous alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPA-mEPSCs) were monitored.\n\nKey findings: Inhibitors of sphingosine kinase such as dimethylsphingosine (DMS) and 2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl) thiazole (HACPT), to suppress endogenous S1P production, significantly decreased the rate of spontaneous A-1210477 AMPA-mEPSCs elicited from CA3 pyramidal neurons, but not CA1 pyramidal neurons or dentate granular neurons.

A similar decrease was also obtained with VPC23019, an inhibitor of SIP receptors, suramin, an inhibitor of S1P(3) receptor, U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, or GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C.\n\nSignificance: The results of the present study show that endogenous S1P regulates spontaneous glutamate release in a restricted hippocampal area, i.e., the release from mossy fiber terminals, via S1P(3) receptors linked to G(q) protein. This may represent fresh insight into the regulatory mechanism of spontaneous transmitter release. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background It has been postulated that the abdominal skin may have either predominantly deep or superficial venous drainage. This may account for complications arising from autologous breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap. In this study, we evaluate the use of the retrograde limb of the internal mammary vein (IMV) as a second recipient vein in reconstructions with the DIEAP flap.