This plasmid was introduced into L. monocytogenes EGD by electroporation and gene replacement was performed as described previously [30]. Chloramphenicol-sensitive clones were screened for the presence of the hly deletion by PCR with primers llo-1 and llo-4. A shorter PCR product was amplified from strains that had undergone allelic exchange to introduce

the deleted version of the wild-type allele selleck inhibitor on the chromosome. The hly deletion was further verified by DNA sequencing and the absence of a hemolytic phenotype during growth of bacteria on BHI agar medium supplemented with 5% sheep blood. The hly gene preceded by its ribosome binding site was amplified by PCR from strain EGD chromosomal DNA using the primer pair Hly-1 and Hly-2. DNA Polymerase pfu (Fermentas) was

used in the PCR. The amplified fragment was digested with BamHI and SalI and cloned using the corresponding restriction sites into the high-copy-number E. coli-gram positive bacteria shuttle vector pAT28 [31] to produce plasmid pAT28-hly. The hly sequence cloned in pAT28-hly, used for the generation of libraries, was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Four genomic DNA libraries were constructed Ruxolitinib ic50 in pAT28-hly. Chromosomal DNA from L. monocytogenes EGD was mechanically sheared using a nebulizer according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen) or was partially digested with restriction endonucleases BsuRI, Bsh1236I or simultaneously with BsuRI and Bsh1236I. In each case, the fragmented DNA was separated by gel electrophoresis and fragments with a size distribution from 500 to 2000 bp were excised from the gel and purified. In the case of the DNA fragments obtained by nebulization, the ends were blunted by treatment with T4 DNA polymerase (Fermentas). All four DNA fragment pools were then cloned into the SmaI site of pAT28-hly using a two-step ligation SAHA HDAC procedure [32]. After purification,

each plasmid library was introduced into L. monocytogenes strain EGDΔhly by electroporation. The transformants were plated on BHI-SPC agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood and penicillin G (0.03 μg/ml), and incubated overnight at 37°C. Approximately 2.3 × 103, 1 × 104, heptaminol 3 × 103 and 6.7 × 103 recombinant L. monocytogenes were obtained for the libraries created using DNA fragmented by nebulization, BsuRI, Bsh1236I or simultaneous BsuRI and Bsh1236I digestion, respectively. Among these clones, the frequencies of hemolytic colonies were 0.6%, 1.1%, 2.6% and 0.9%, respectively. The total number of hemolytic clones identified was 259. All hemolytic clones were replica plated on BHI-SPC agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood alone, and on BHI-SPC agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood plus penicillin G (0.03 μg/ml). After overnight incubation at 37°C, the diameter of zones of hemolysis created by each clone during growth on plates with and without penicillin G was compared.