These results suggest that AirSR enhances cell wall synthesis and degradation. We performed the phylogenetic footprinting using promoter sequences from orthologous target genes in Staphylococci. Analysis of these sequences using CLUSTAL buy Napabucasin Multiple Sequence alignment and MEME [28] suggests that a motif “AAATNNAAAATNNNNTT” may represent the

binding sequence of AirR (see Additional file 3). In our further study, we will use footprinting to identify the exact binding sequence and motif and then search genome wide for more potential targets. Cell wall synthesis is crucial for bacterial division and growth, and it is a very important target of antibiotics, such as penicillin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin. With the increase in the number of MRSA strains, vancomycin TSA HDAC has become the first choice to treat staphylococcal infections. The use of vancomycin has led to the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate

Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Typically, VISA exhibits thick cell walls and reduced autolysis rates. Our study demonstrated that the airSR mutation GW-572016 research buy exhibited both reduced viability in vancomycin and attenuated autolysis. We speculated that, the affected expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes owing to the airSR mutation caused the reduction in cell viability due to vancomycin. Attenuated autolysis may be a compensatory mechanism for the affected cell wall synthesis. The reduction of viability in the presence of vancomycin and the attenuation of autolysis are two independent outcomes of the airSR mutation. One other research group previously designated airSR as

yhcSR and reported that it was an essential TCS [20]. However, there are reports of an airSR mutation in several strains 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase including Newman [22], MW2 [29], a clinically isolated strain 15981 [9], and NCTC8325, indicating that AirSR is unlikely to be essential in all strain backgrounds. Early research on airSR reported that this TCS is involved in the regulation of the nitrate respiratory pathway [21] or in the direct regulation of the lac and opuCABCD operons [23]. Our microarray results indicated the down-regulation of the nar and nre operons in the airSR mutant, which is consistent with the report that airSR can positively regulate the nitrate respiratory pathway [21]. Our microarray data, however, did not show that airSR can regulate lac or opuC operons (data not shown). Another group that first named this TCS airSR described airSR as an oxygen sensing and redox-signaling regulator. Though they stated that airS contains a Fe-S-cluster essential for oxygen sensing and is only active in the presence of oxygen in vitro, they found that the airR mutant only affects gene expression under anaerobic conditions in strain Newman [22]. In contrast, our results showed that the expression of cell wall metabolism-related genes was not changed under anaerobic conditions (Figure 3d), but only under aerobic conditions (Figure 3a,b,c).