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delivering sulfur in biosynthetic pathways. Nat Chem Biol 2006,2(4):185–194.CrossRefPubMed Sotrastaurin ic50 22. You D, Wang L, Yao F, Zhou X, Deng Z: A novel DNA modification by sulfur: DndA is a NifS-like cysteine desulfurase capable of assembling DndC as an iron-sulfur cluster protein in Streptomyces lividans. Biochemistry 2007,46(20):6126–6133.CrossRefPubMed 23. Sambrook J, Russell DW: Molecular cloning : a laboratory manual. 3 Edition Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2001. 24. Kieser T, Bibb JM, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA: Practical Streptomyces Genetics. Norwich: John Innes Foundation 2000. 25. MacNeil DJ, Gewain KM, Ruby CL, Dezeny G, Gibbons PH, MacNeil T: Analysis of Streptomyces avermitilis genes required for avermectin biosynthesis utilizing a novel integration vector. Gene 1992,111(1):61–68.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions TX carried out most of the experiments. JL and ZW performed operon research and constructed dndA expression vector in S. lividans. Other expression vectors in S. lividans

were constructed by SC and LW. They also overexpressed Selleck PF-2341066 Immune system and purified DndD for DY to prepare anti-DndD polyclonal antibody. Work on HXY1, 2 was done by XH. pHZ1900 was constructed by AL. Plasmids from pHZ2850 to pHZ2983 were constructed by XZ. ZD oversaw the project. TX, ZW, SC and ZD wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and assisted with editing of the manuscript.”
“Introduction Advances in sequencing technologies have accelerated the rate of whole-genome sequencing, resulting in the availability of full genome sequences for a diverse collection

of microbes from many taxonomic groups. Among these are a large number of pathogens and other symbiotic organisms that live in close association with a host. The ability to query across these genomes offers the opportunity to uncover strategies shared by these organisms for overcoming the challenges faced in establishing and maintaining intimate associations with host organisms. However, effective use of these genome sequences to help understand host-pathogen interactions requires both structural and functional annotation, i.e. locating the genes as well as attaching meaningful information to them. In order for the functional annotation of individual genes to be maximally amenable to meaningful cross-genome searches, the vocabulary for describing the functions of gene products must be universally understandable across organisms. Traditional methods of attaching information to genes often fail to meet this requirement.