6C), but no significant difference was seen in HepG2 cells (data not shown). To further determine the mechanism associated with growth inhibition by SOX1, the molecules involved in the cell cycle were checked using western blot analysis. In Hep3B cells, SOX1 expression significantly enhanced the protein level of p21 and p27 but suppressed

expression of CDK4 and CDK6 compared with the control cells. In the SOX1-expressing HepG2 cells, p21 and p27 were also dramatically upregulated. However, selleck there was no significant difference in the protein levels of CDK4 and CDK6 (Fig. 6D). Moreover, SOX1 overexpression did not significantly affect the active forms of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in Hep3B and HepG2 cells (data not shown). Interestingly, we found that expression of SOX1 in Hep3B cells could enhance the signal of SA-β-gal staining, and these data implied that SOX1 could trigger cellular senescence in Hep3B cells (Fig. 6E). Overexpression of SOX1 in click here SK-Hep-1 cells, known as non-β-catenin nuclear accumulation cells, caused a suppression of invasion ability. To elucidate the mechanism, we analyzed the expression of the invasion-related genes CDH1 and SLUG after ectopic expression of SOX1. As shown in Fig. 6F, overexpression of SOX1 could enhance CDH1 expression but repressed SLUG expression in SK-Hep-1 cells. Over the past 10 years, the SOX family has been proven to

regulate the Wnt/β-catenin activity in diverse development and cancer contexts.33 Since the first report of regulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway for SOX17 and SOX3 in Xenopus embryos,34 a growing number of SOX proteins have been revealed to interact with β-catenin and TCFs, and several mechanisms have been proposed. In colon cancer cells, SOX7 and SOX17 act through binding to β-catenin and promote

its degradation selleck chemicals llc function as tumor suppressors.15, 23, 35 Experiments in a murine osteoblast cell line (OB1) suggest that Sox2 might inhibit osteoblast differentiation by physically interacting with β-catenin and suppressing Wnt target genes.36 There are only a few studies on the SOX1 gene,18, 26 but no study has analyzed the relationship between SOX1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC. In this study, we demonstrated that SOX1 inhibited the canonical Wnt signaling in HCC cells and competed with TCFs to bind to β-catenin without affecting the level of nuclear β-catenin accumulation. Interestingly, we also found that SOX1 may suppress HCC invasion through a β-catenin-independent pathway by upregulation of CDH1 and downregulation of SLUG. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SOX1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC through Wnt pathways. Indeed, we used HCC cell lines with mutant (HepG2) or wild-type CTNNB1 (Huh7 or Hep3B), and there is a trend toward stronger antiproliferation effects of SOX1 in cell lines with a wild-type CTNNB1 (Fig. 2B,C; Fig.