Among these compounds, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) produced by some Pseudomonas spp. is of particular significance for the suppression of root diseases (Keel et al., 1996; Haas & Defago, 2005). The antibiotic 2,4-DAPG is a polyketide compound with antifungal, antibacterial, antihelminthic and phytotoxic activities (Keel et al., 1992; Dowling ABT-263 purchase & O’gara, 1994). The genes involved in the biosynthesis of this antibiotic cloned from several Pseudomonas strains include four structural

genes, phlA, phlC, phlB and phlD, which are transcribed as a single operon (phlACBD) (Fenton et al., 1992; Bangera & Thomashow, 1996, 1999; Wei et al., 2004a). A specific transcriptional regulator gene, phlF, is localized upstream of the phlACBD operon and transcribed in the opposite direction (Abbas et al., 2002). Intensive

studies on the regulation of 2,4-DAPG production in recent years have revealed a number of transcriptional and post-transcriptional elements. Besides PhlF, other identified regulatory elements include the two-component system GacS/GacA (Haas & Keel, 2003), sigma factors RpoS (Sarniguet et al., 1995), RpoD and RpoN (Schnider et al., 1995; Péchy-Tarr et al., 2005), the H-NS family regulators MvaT and MvaV (Baehler et al., 2006), the translational repressor proteins RsmA and RsmE (Heeb et al., 2002; Reimmann et al., 2005), the oxidoreductase DsbA (Mavrodi et al., 2006) and the resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump EmhABC (Tian et al., 2010). Quorum learn more sensing (QS)

is a process of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacterial populations to collectively control gene expression and thus coordinate group behaviors (Miller & Bassler, 2001). In many Gram-negative bacteria, selleck chemical the QS system is based on the function of two proteins that belong to the LuxI-LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. The LuxI protein synthesizes N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules that can diffuse through the cell envelope. AHLs bind to the transcriptional regulator LuxR, forming a complex that plays an important regulatory role in a diverse array of physiological activities (González & Keshavan, 2006; Keller & Surette, 2006). QS has also been implicated in the interaction between plants and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. For example, the PhzI–PhzR QS system regulates the biosynthesis of the phenazine antibiotic in the plant-beneficial bacterial strains Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 (Pierson et al., 1994) and Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 (Chin-A-Woeng et al., 2001). A second QS system in strain 30-84, CsaI-CsaR, which does not influence phenazine production, is involved in rhizosphere competitiveness and biosynthesis of cell-surface components (Zhang & Pierson, 2001).